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Relationship between Finance and Accounting in Health Care Essay

Essays on Relationship between Finance and Accounting in Health Care Essay The paper "Relationship between Finance and Accounting in Health Care" is a good example of an essay on finance and accounting. Finance and accounting are two fields that differ from each other. Usually, the people who are not related to the business field have a misconception regarding these two fields. But, both of them are different from each other, though both are important for each other.Accounting is a field of business that records the business transactions of any particular organization. It helps to maintain a record of all the past transactions that occurred in an organization. The transactions in accounting are recorded on a monthly, annually, semi-annually or quarter-annual basis, depending upon the policies and rules of the organization. Accounting an organization about its profit and loss that occurred in the past. It involves such calculations and tables that represent the financial state of an organization on a particular date. Accounting helps list the financial data of a company. In short, accounting is the subject that deals and analyses all the past financial activities of any organization.Finance, on the other hand, is having a broader scope as compared to accounting. It is a vast field that includes many subjects such as cost management, tax laws, economics, actuarial sciences, and risk analysis, etc. accounting is also one of the sub-division of the enormous field finance. As accounting deals and records all the financial transactions of an organization of the past, finance uses that past data and judges the future financial position of an organization. It is no doubt profoundly important as any kind of business cannot flourish or not even maintain its position in the future without knowing its finance. Therefore, finance is the field that uses the information provided by accountants for the benefits of the company. It analyses the causes of the profits and losses that a business had to bear during the past times. It judges all such reason s and provides a way for an organization to minimize its loss and increase its profit. It helps in predicting the future through various facts and gives the business tricks to an organization so as to get the maximum output with a low amount of investment.Both the fields, being different from each other, associate with each other. Both are extremely important for the financial position of a company. Without finance, accounting won’t be of much use and without accounting; it will be very difficult for finance to perform all the financial activities and judgments.Therefore, both the fields are important as they both together give the strategies of success to an organization. (Relationship between Accounting and Finance)The financial viability of an organization is the ability of that organization to meet all its targets. It also means how an organization manages its financial resources so as to fulfill its requirements and tasks.Health care organizations play a vital role in so ciety and are included in one of the noblest businesses as they are meant to serve humanity. Health care organizations, like any other organization, need proficient accountants and finance managers to run their organization in an effective and efficient manner. Accounting and finance play an important role to determine the financial viability of a health care organization. They provide strategies that enable the financial managers to facilitate the patients with the best of everything in a low amount of cost along with the required profit of the organization. Finance and accounting help in maintaining the standards of the health care organization. The financial management of such organizations might be difficult and different from other kinds of organizations as it requires proper planning and highly skilled accountants and financial managers.

common app. essay free essay sample

I was never popular or in a group of outcasts, only forever stuck in the undistinguishable middle. Ironically, it is the largest group of students, whose intellect ranges from slightly below average to slightly above it. We are neither ingenious enough nor dopey enough to receive any special attention. We participate in activities and sports without receiving any high recognition. That is the bottomless pit where I spent a hefty chunk of my High School career. Most peers and teachers who did not know me well would describe me as quiet and studious, someone who only opened up to a group of tightly knit friends. Friends would describe me as sarcastically humorous, animated, and sometimes arrogantly confident. The first quarter of my junior year passed by before I realized that I no longer desired to pass along undetected. I wanted to be known, recognized, and even remembered. I made it my personal goal to be more sociable with my peers in or out of class and to take any opportunity to help someone instead of being asked to. We will write a custom essay sample on common app. essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Only another quarter later, the end of the first semester I noticed a change in the way I was treated and my own demeanor as well. Throughout the day I was now often greeted with numerous â€Å"hey’s† ,†hi’s†, and â€Å"what’s up’s†. I myself became more cheerful knowing I was not only approaching my goal but, enjoying all the new personalities I interacted with. In English class I was named â€Å"bumptious†, one of our vocabulary words, by Mrs. Svonavec because of my playful self-righteous attitude. In Spanish class Senora Rose dubbed me â€Å"the hulk† due to my physical strength and boldness. To this day most of my peers still address me by one of those nicknames rather than my real name. A combination of my new backbone and the encouragement of Mrs. Warner, a true mentor, and my friends I toke the stride to run for Student Council President, a long time hope of mine. Up against the brilliance of two candidates o f the popular crowd, who participated in more activities than one could count, I did not expect to win. In a way the whole process was another way that I needed to prove my worth to myself. Covered by my so called mask of â€Å"bumptiousness†, no one would ever guess that I shared with the majority of my peers the fear of being humiliated in front of the whole student body. My anxiety heightened by the fact that while most girls dreamt of dating the schools most popular jock I dreamed of becoming student council president. The weeks leading up to the speeches, my two best friends Hadeel and Sophie created their own form of a campaign committee. By the time voting day came around my name was plastered over the whole school. A familiar nauseous feeling rose in my throat when it was my turn to share my plans as president. Starting off softly my voice became dauntless and evident as I noticed all the smiles thrown my way in the front of the auditorium. Received with lively appla use my pride swelled as I thanked the crowd and walked off stage. The next morning my homeroom immediately became silent as the principal announced my victory. I was completely stunned as the room erupted into cheers and congratulated me. The day passed by as if it were a hallucination where I could not remove the contagious smile from my face. Realizing my most significant goals and overcoming my fear of public speaking made my junior year the most eventful of my high school experience so far. My first victory lead me to run for senior class president as well. With the pressures of these new duties for my senior year I hope to achieve new goals and leave behind a set of standards that future officers will need to work diligently to overcome.

Keyword Optimization How to Target the Right Search Terms

Keywords and how they’re used has evolved over the years. So, do keywords even matter anymore? If they do, how can I tell if I’m targeting the right ones? And how can I figure out which I should be targeting? That’s where keyword optimization comes in. Keyword search optimization is all about researching, evaluating, and selecting the best keywords for your business. While this is in incredibly important step when you first set out to create an SEO strategy, keyword optimization is an ongoing process that needs to be revisited at least a few times per year. In the post we’re outlining some of the key steps in keyword optimization, including how you can analyze your existing keyword strategy, and how to improve it. Let’s jump in. Free Actionable Bonus: Looking to elevate your SEO strategy?We partnered with Jay Baer of Convince Convert to create this free ebook on 6 Ways to Fix Your Barebones SEO Strategy Why does keyword optimization matter? In order for SEO to drive meaningful results for your business, you need to be targeting the right keywords. In order for SEO to drive meaningful results for your business, you need to be targeting the right keywords. Click To Tweet That means not only targeting high-volume keywords that help you build traffic — but also high-intent keywords that help you generate an ROI. In short, keyword optimization will help you: Drive highly relevant traffic Understand your traffic potential Write more effective content How has keyword optimization changed? There was once a time when keyword stuffing and other keyword manipulation techniques were considered â€Å"optimization†, but over the years Google and other search engines have become more sophisticated. Today, search engines care more about intent than the actual keyword or how many times it appear on a page. They want to figure out the meaning behind your content and user queries. Today, search engines care more about intent than the actual keyword or how many times it appear on a page. They want to figure out the meaning behind your content and user queries. Click To Tweet The debut of â€Å"semantic search,† released with Google’s 2013 Hummingbird update, took the idea of intent-based search results a step further. For example, when a user searches for â€Å"cheap coffee in Chicago,† the old, keyword-centric search engines would have returned pages that contained these three keywords, regardless of what each page was actually about. But, semantic search works differently. It deciphers the meaning behind the query – the user is looking for inexpensive coffee options located in Chicago – then it looks for websites that meet these criteria, regardless of whether the exact query terms are in their content. Therefore, if your content describes you as an affordable purveyor of coffee, and your location is defined as Chicago, you could snag a top spot in the search results, even if the actual words â€Å"cheap,† â€Å"coffee† and â€Å"Chicago† aren’t anywhere in your content. In short, the intent of the search matters more than the keywords themselves. Where you need to keep using keywords Updates to search algorithms and changes to SEO best practices don’t mean you should abandon keywords altogether. While keyword frequency is no longer a huge influencer on page rank, keyword placement and usage still makes a difference. Some places you should be sure to include the keyword on a page are: The title A subheading The first 100 words of the article URL Image alt description Meta description But how do you know you’re using the right keywords? Are you targeting the right search terms? An important part of keyword optimization is looking at your existing search terms and determining if there are any gaps or missed opportunities. For example: Long-tail keywords can incredibly valuable and much easier to rank for. High-intent keywords may have only a couple dozen or hundred searchers per month, ranking highly for those keywords can be an excellent lead generation tool. Here we’ve outlined 5-steps for evaluating your existing keyword strategy (followed by some tips for choosing the right keywords.) Step 1: Brainstorming Before you begin a more thorough investigation, it helps to come up with a list of topics that are important to your customers. Then come up on some keywords that you think your target audience will use when searching for your products and services. This is a really important step that some marketers get wrong. For content marketing to drive meaningful results, it needs to be focused on your customer rather than your business. For example, a boutique design agency that writes an article on the â€Å"latest design trends† is attracting competitors to their site, not customers. Step 2: Get specific One of the first things to look for when reviewing your keyword strategy is how specific or targeted they are. There are two problems with targeting broad keywords: They’re difficult to rank for They don’t deliver to most relevant traffic For example, you’ll get more qualified leads from a search of â€Å"men’s brown leather satchel† than you will from â€Å"satchel.† Also think about using different synonyms that are relevant to your products and services. For example: â€Å"men’s brown leather knapsack.† Step 3: Geographic keywords (when relevant) Including a geographic element within your keywords can make them even more valuable, especially if you have a physical store or work from an offline location. These more targeted keywords should attract more ready-to-buy leads who are located in your area. Additionally, localized keywords will have less competition. In a similar way, try to use more targeted language including industry terms and local slang. Take a look at the number of results for â€Å"design agency† vs. â€Å"design agency new york† – the latter has 700 million fewer results. Step 4: Analyze the competition When you know which keywords your competitors are using, you can focus on different sets of keyword phrases that your competitors are ignoring. This is a great opportunity for your business to rank higher for certain keywords and capture more of the market share. Step 5: Don’t forget meta tags Each page on your website should have a unique meta title and meta description. The meta title will be used by Google as the blue link in the results pages. The meta description won’t affect your rankings, but it is usually what Google uses as the description below the meta title. Think of the title and description as an advertisement. They should reflect the target keywords for each web page, but also grab the attention of readers. When we search for â€Å"design agency new york† this is one of the top results. We can see they’ve done a good job of using semantically related keywords (â€Å"creative agency† rather than â€Å"design†) and have included keywords in both the meta title and description. Leave this field empty if you're human: How to select top search terms Next, we’re going to look at how to find high-value keywords you should try to rank for. The two main types of keywords are broad and long tail. Broad keywords are normally one or two words that apply to a whole industry (e.g. inbound marketing). Long-tail keywords are extended phrases that are more specific to your company (e.g. inbound marketing firm in Springfield). Long-tail keywords usually bring in more relevant traffic and are easier to rank higher for. How to research keywords Keyword research is all about coming up with a variety of phrases that people will use when searching for your business, products, and services. From there, you’re able to build content around these terms. Here are a few tips for researching keywords: Start broad Start with the topics you want to rank for. What products or services do you offer? E.g. â€Å"inbound marketing software.† Solve problems What solutions do you offer your prospects? Create a list based on the problems your audience may ask. E.g. â€Å"How do I build an email list?† Frequently asked questions. Answer potential questions before they are asked. E.g. â€Å"How to generate more leads through social media.† Product based What does your company do? Different people will use different search terms to find your business. What are the alternatives? E.g. â€Å"Internet marketing services.† Buyer journey Think about questions people ask early in the buyer journey Think about questions people ask just before making a purchase Create both top-of-funnel and bottom-of-funnel content Look at search volume You want to balance search volume with intent. While the word â€Å"marketing† might have huge search volume, it won’t generate the most relevant traffic. When you plug these terms into Google, check out the related search terms at the bottom of the results page for further inspiration. At the same time, see if your competitors are ranking for certain keyword phrases. It might be a good idea to focus on the phrases they’re ignoring in order to generate more leads from these search terms. Keyword research tools There are plenty of keyword research tools to help you generate keyword ideas and identify which ones have less competition. Google’s Keyword Planner tool is one of the most popular keyword tools, giving you traffic estimates and search volume for keyword phrases you may want to target. Use it to get suggestions for related phrases and to work out the value of keywords. The competition for every keyword phrase varies, so you need to find those that have a reasonably high search volume but less competition. Choosing the right keywords is an ongoing challenge for every business, but taking the time to do proper research will lead to more success in the long term. There are many free keyword tools. Sign up to Google AdWords and you can use Google’s Keyword Planner. Here, you can get search volume and traffic estimates for words you’re considering. Use it with Google Trends and you can also see which terms are trending over time. Wordtracker and Ubersuggest are also free, but if you want more functionality, paid keyword research tools might be the way to go. But don’t just use these tools – listen to social media conversations around your brand to discover popular phrases and frequently asked questions. It’s all part of keyword research. Selecting the best keywords for SEO is an ongoing process; you’ll need to add more and more keywords to your lists to maintain search engine rankings. Using language that is appropriate to your audience matters, but using synonyms and related terms will also help establish your authority to Google. Keyword research has changed a little, but ultimately the rules are the same: create quality content that is relevant to your audience. As your content spreads, your link profile will grow and so will your credibility in the eyes of Google. Page level keyword optimization To give search engine robots and humans a better understanding of your site, your site architecture also needs to make sense. This means placing keywords in the right place on a web page. Examples of where to place keywords and phrases: Page title tags. Every page should use unique keyword phrases to increase website relevance. Description tags. Think about what information your audience is looking for. In the main body of content. To further enhance the relevance of each page, use a variety of keyword phrases. Since Hummingbird, Google downgrades pages with too many duplicate keywords. Headings. Every heading should clearly explain the content to follow. Image and video alt tags. Include keywords so that search engines know what they represent. If you’re interested in learning more about this topic, then check out our post: The Latest Trends of On-Page Optimization Keyword Optimization How to Target the Right Search Terms Keywords and how they’re used has evolved over the years. So, do keywords even matter anymore? If they do, how can I tell if I’m targeting the right ones? And how can I figure out which I should be targeting? That’s where keyword optimization comes in. Keyword search optimization is all about researching, evaluating, and selecting the best keywords for your business. While this is in incredibly important step when you first set out to create an SEO strategy, keyword optimization is an ongoing process that needs to be revisited at least a few times per year. In the post we’re outlining some of the key steps in keyword optimization, including how you can analyze your existing keyword strategy, and how to improve it. Let’s jump in. Free Actionable Bonus: Looking to elevate your SEO strategy?We partnered with Jay Baer of Convince Convert to create this free ebook on 6 Ways to Fix Your Barebones SEO Strategy Why does keyword optimization matter? In order for SEO to drive meaningful results for your business, you need to be targeting the right keywords. In order for SEO to drive meaningful results for your business, you need to be targeting the right keywords. Click To Tweet That means not only targeting high-volume keywords that help you build traffic — but also high-intent keywords that help you generate an ROI. In short, keyword optimization will help you: Drive highly relevant traffic Understand your traffic potential Write more effective content How has keyword optimization changed? There was once a time when keyword stuffing and other keyword manipulation techniques were considered â€Å"optimization†, but over the years Google and other search engines have become more sophisticated. Today, search engines care more about intent than the actual keyword or how many times it appear on a page. They want to figure out the meaning behind your content and user queries. Today, search engines care more about intent than the actual keyword or how many times it appear on a page. They want to figure out the meaning behind your content and user queries. Click To Tweet The debut of â€Å"semantic search,† released with Google’s 2013 Hummingbird update, took the idea of intent-based search results a step further. For example, when a user searches for â€Å"cheap coffee in Chicago,† the old, keyword-centric search engines would have returned pages that contained these three keywords, regardless of what each page was actually about. But, semantic search works differently. It deciphers the meaning behind the query – the user is looking for inexpensive coffee options located in Chicago – then it looks for websites that meet these criteria, regardless of whether the exact query terms are in their content. Therefore, if your content describes you as an affordable purveyor of coffee, and your location is defined as Chicago, you could snag a top spot in the search results, even if the actual words â€Å"cheap,† â€Å"coffee† and â€Å"Chicago† aren’t anywhere in your content. In short, the intent of the search matters more than the keywords themselves. Where you need to keep using keywords Updates to search algorithms and changes to SEO best practices don’t mean you should abandon keywords altogether. While keyword frequency is no longer a huge influencer on page rank, keyword placement and usage still makes a difference. Some places you should be sure to include the keyword on a page are: The title A subheading The first 100 words of the article URL Image alt description Meta description But how do you know you’re using the right keywords? Are you targeting the right search terms? An important part of keyword optimization is looking at your existing search terms and determining if there are any gaps or missed opportunities. For example: Long-tail keywords can incredibly valuable and much easier to rank for. High-intent keywords may have only a couple dozen or hundred searchers per month, ranking highly for those keywords can be an excellent lead generation tool. Here we’ve outlined 5-steps for evaluating your existing keyword strategy (followed by some tips for choosing the right keywords.) Step 1: Brainstorming Before you begin a more thorough investigation, it helps to come up with a list of topics that are important to your customers. Then come up on some keywords that you think your target audience will use when searching for your products and services. This is a really important step that some marketers get wrong. For content marketing to drive meaningful results, it needs to be focused on your customer rather than your business. For example, a boutique design agency that writes an article on the â€Å"latest design trends† is attracting competitors to their site, not customers. Step 2: Get specific One of the first things to look for when reviewing your keyword strategy is how specific or targeted they are. There are two problems with targeting broad keywords: They’re difficult to rank for They don’t deliver to most relevant traffic For example, you’ll get more qualified leads from a search of â€Å"men’s brown leather satchel† than you will from â€Å"satchel.† Also think about using different synonyms that are relevant to your products and services. For example: â€Å"men’s brown leather knapsack.† Step 3: Geographic keywords (when relevant) Including a geographic element within your keywords can make them even more valuable, especially if you have a physical store or work from an offline location. These more targeted keywords should attract more ready-to-buy leads who are located in your area. Additionally, localized keywords will have less competition. In a similar way, try to use more targeted language including industry terms and local slang. Take a look at the number of results for â€Å"design agency† vs. â€Å"design agency new york† – the latter has 700 million fewer results. Step 4: Analyze the competition When you know which keywords your competitors are using, you can focus on different sets of keyword phrases that your competitors are ignoring. This is a great opportunity for your business to rank higher for certain keywords and capture more of the market share. Step 5: Don’t forget meta tags Each page on your website should have a unique meta title and meta description. The meta title will be used by Google as the blue link in the results pages. The meta description won’t affect your rankings, but it is usually what Google uses as the description below the meta title. Think of the title and description as an advertisement. They should reflect the target keywords for each web page, but also grab the attention of readers. When we search for â€Å"design agency new york† this is one of the top results. We can see they’ve done a good job of using semantically related keywords (â€Å"creative agency† rather than â€Å"design†) and have included keywords in both the meta title and description. Leave this field empty if you're human: How to select top search terms Next, we’re going to look at how to find high-value keywords you should try to rank for. The two main types of keywords are broad and long tail. Broad keywords are normally one or two words that apply to a whole industry (e.g. inbound marketing). Long-tail keywords are extended phrases that are more specific to your company (e.g. inbound marketing firm in Springfield). Long-tail keywords usually bring in more relevant traffic and are easier to rank higher for. How to research keywords Keyword research is all about coming up with a variety of phrases that people will use when searching for your business, products, and services. From there, you’re able to build content around these terms. Here are a few tips for researching keywords: Start broad Start with the topics you want to rank for. What products or services do you offer? E.g. â€Å"inbound marketing software.† Solve problems What solutions do you offer your prospects? Create a list based on the problems your audience may ask. E.g. â€Å"How do I build an email list?† Frequently asked questions. Answer potential questions before they are asked. E.g. â€Å"How to generate more leads through social media.† Product based What does your company do? Different people will use different search terms to find your business. What are the alternatives? E.g. â€Å"Internet marketing services.† Buyer journey Think about questions people ask early in the buyer journey Think about questions people ask just before making a purchase Create both top-of-funnel and bottom-of-funnel content Look at search volume You want to balance search volume with intent. While the word â€Å"marketing† might have huge search volume, it won’t generate the most relevant traffic. When you plug these terms into Google, check out the related search terms at the bottom of the results page for further inspiration. At the same time, see if your competitors are ranking for certain keyword phrases. It might be a good idea to focus on the phrases they’re ignoring in order to generate more leads from these search terms. Keyword research tools There are plenty of keyword research tools to help you generate keyword ideas and identify which ones have less competition. Google’s Keyword Planner tool is one of the most popular keyword tools, giving you traffic estimates and search volume for keyword phrases you may want to target. Use it to get suggestions for related phrases and to work out the value of keywords. The competition for every keyword phrase varies, so you need to find those that have a reasonably high search volume but less competition. Choosing the right keywords is an ongoing challenge for every business, but taking the time to do proper research will lead to more success in the long term. There are many free keyword tools. Sign up to Google AdWords and you can use Google’s Keyword Planner. Here, you can get search volume and traffic estimates for words you’re considering. Use it with Google Trends and you can also see which terms are trending over time. Wordtracker and Ubersuggest are also free, but if you want more functionality, paid keyword research tools might be the way to go. But don’t just use these tools – listen to social media conversations around your brand to discover popular phrases and frequently asked questions. It’s all part of keyword research. Selecting the best keywords for SEO is an ongoing process; you’ll need to add more and more keywords to your lists to maintain search engine rankings. Using language that is appropriate to your audience matters, but using synonyms and related terms will also help establish your authority to Google. Keyword research has changed a little, but ultimately the rules are the same: create quality content that is relevant to your audience. As your content spreads, your link profile will grow and so will your credibility in the eyes of Google. Page level keyword optimization To give search engine robots and humans a better understanding of your site, your site architecture also needs to make sense. This means placing keywords in the right place on a web page. Examples of where to place keywords and phrases: Page title tags. Every page should use unique keyword phrases to increase website relevance. Description tags. Think about what information your audience is looking for. In the main body of content. To further enhance the relevance of each page, use a variety of keyword phrases. Since Hummingbird, Google downgrades pages with too many duplicate keywords. Headings. Every heading should clearly explain the content to follow. Image and video alt tags. Include keywords so that search engines know what they represent. If you’re interested in learning more about this topic, then check out our post: The Latest Trends of On-Page Optimization

A Manual for Literature Review Essays

A Manual for Literature Review Essays A Manual for Literature Review Essay A Manual for Literature Review Essay Outline ? What Is Literature Review? ? Why Do Literature Review? ? The Steps of Literature Review ? Tips for Literature Review ? Last but not the least 2010-10-13 Japanese winner of Nobel prize in Chemistry 2 What Is Literature Review? â€Å" a literature review uses as its database reports of primary or original scholarship, and does not report new primary scholarship itself. The primary reports used in the literature may be verbal, but in the vast majority of cases reports are written documents. The types of scholarship may be empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological in nature. Second a literature review seeks to describe, summarize, evaluate, clarify and/or integrate the content of primary reports. † Source: Cooper, H. M. (1988), â€Å"The structure of knowledge synthesis†, Knowledge in Society, Vol. 1, pp. 104-126 In a word, literature review is a critical summary and an assessment of the current state of knowledge or current state of the art in a particular field. 2010-10-13 A Manual of Literature Review 3 Why Do Literature Review? to let researchers and readers know the relationship between your research and former researches, including the strengths and weaknesses of former research Literature review should be done around your research topic. However, it should be noted that literatures you reviewed may be related to your research in other aspects, like research questions, research target, concept framework, and/or method and procedure. Before finishing literature review, it is impossible for you to decide the definition of research uestions and targets. 2010-10-13 A Manual of Literature Review 4 Why Do Literature Review? Several other purposes and benefits by doing literature review ? ? ? to avoid unfounded research and over repetition on the research already done by former researchers to identify gaps in the literature, to find new research frontiers, and to confirm how, where and by what way should your current research be done to increase existing knowledge to provide a train of thought and guidance for following situation: ? how to solve the problems you may face ? ? technologies data sources other research methods you haven’t come into your mind A Manual of Literature Review 5 2010-10-13 The Steps of Literature Review ? Step 1: Define the problem It is important to define the problem or area which you wish to address. Having a purpose for your literature review will narrow the scope of what you need to look for when you read. 2010-10-13 A Manual of Literature Review 6 The Steps of Literature Review ? Step 2: Carry out a search for relevant materials ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ooks (monographs, text books, reference books); articles from journals, whether print or electronic (but make sure electronic journals have been subject to the peer review process); newspaper articles; historical records; commercial reports and statistical information; government reports and statistical information; theses and dissertations; other types of information which may be releva nt to your particular discipline. A Manual of Literature Review 7 2010-10-13 The Steps of Literature Review ? Step 2: Carry out a search for relevant materials In Tokyo Tech, there several ways to search literatures ? Firstly, you can access the website: libra. titech. ac. jp/databases/ to find the related databases. For example, here are some common used databases: CiNii ? EBSCO host Engineering Village SciFinder Web Web of Science Secondly, you can use the Google Scholar to search the literatures you are interested in. Some of these literatures are free, and some of them are free, but you can access them by the location of Tokyo Tech if Tokyo Tech has bought the databases. A Manual of Literature Review 8 2010-10-13 The Steps of Literature Review ? Step 2: Carry out a search for relevant materials In Tokyo Tech, there several ways to search literatures ? Thirdly, you can use Tokyo Tech Library. You can search the database first before you go to library. ? Fourthly, if you find some literature is very helpful but not included in any database in Tokyo Tech, while other universities have it, you can go directly to the university or borrow it from Tokyo Tech Library. Fifthly, there are many books in our lab and Prof. Miyazaki’s office. There should be some books matching your research. Or you can suggest some books or reports to buy. 2010-10-13 A Manual of Literature Review 9 The Steps of Literature Review ? Step 3: Evaluate the literatures This part of information comes from â€Å"www. emeraldinsight. com/authors/guides/write/literature. htm† Initial appraisal from raw bibliographical data ? What are the authors credentials, are they an exper t in the field? Are they affiliated to a reputable organization? What is the date of publication; is it sufficiently current or will knowledge have moved on? ? If a book, is it the latest edition? ? ? Is the publisher a reputable, scholarly publisher? If it is a journal, is it a scholarly journal which has been peer reviewed? 2010-10-13 A Manual of Literature Review 10 The Steps of Literature Review ? Step 3: Evaluate the literatures This part of information comes from â€Å"www. emeraldinsight. com/authors/guides/write/literature. htm† Appraisal based on content analysis: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Is the writer addressing a scholarly audience? Does the author review the relevant literature? Does the author write from an objective viewpoint, and are their views based on facts rather than opinions? If the author uses research, is the design sound? Is it primary or secondary material? Does the author have a particular theoretical viewpoint, e. g. feminist? What is the relationship of this work to other material you have read on the same topic, does it substantiate it or add a different perspective? Is the authors argument logically organized and clear to follow? If the author is writing from a practice-based perspective, what are the implications for practice? A Manual of Literature Review 11 2010-10-13 The Steps of Literature Review ? Step 4: Analyze the findings ? ? ? What themes emerge and what conclusions can be drawn? What are the major similarities and differences between the various writers? Are there any significant questions which emerge and which could form a basis for further investigation? 2010-10-13 A Manual of Literature Review 12 The Steps of Literature Review Step 5: Organize literature review This part of information comes from â€Å"www. emeraldinsight. com/authors/guides/write/literature. htm† ? Introduction: define the topic, together with your reason for selecting the topic. You could also point out overall trends, gaps, particular themes that emerge, etc. Body: this is where you discuss your sources. Here are some ways in which you could organize your discussion: chronologically; thematically (take particular the mes in the literature); methodologically(the focus is on the methods of the researcher) ? ? Conclusion: summarize the major contributions, evaluating the current position, and pointing out flaws in methodology, gaps in the research, contradictions, and areas for further study A Manual of Literature Review 13 2010-10-13 Tips for Literature Review Use Literature, NOT show Literature: Literature review is not reading report; don’t just list what you read. You need to use literature, not show literature! You need to analyze these literatures including your comments. Don’t review many new and great prevalent theories before what have gone after your research! Literatures should be selected! 5C Principles: Comprehensive, Concise, Coherent, Cumulative and Critical. (Flowerdew, R. (1997). Finding previous work on the topic. In R. Flowerdew D. ) Quotations should be correct! Use relative softwares like reference manager JabRef and SciPlore Mindmapping to manage your literatures. 2010-10-13 A Manual of Literature Review 14 Tips for Literature Review Note for Sources You have to make clear information on the sources you are using! Plagiarism is not allowed! 2010-10-13 A Manual of Literature Review 15 Last but not the least This is just a general information on literature review, not represent all related information. What you need to do is â€Å"Do it as this guideline say and accumulate know-how when you do it†. There are many other more information in internet or papers on literature review. If you want to know more, please read more and practice it. One example of literature review: Franco Malerba, 2007. Innovation and the dynamics and evolution of industries: Progress and challenges. International Journal of Industrial Organization 25, 675–699. 2010-10-13 A Manual of Literature Review 16

7 Examples of Incorrect Punctuation with Quotation Marks

7 Examples of Incorrect Punctuation with Quotation Marks 7 Examples of Incorrect Punctuation with Quotation Marks 7 Examples of Incorrect Punctuation with Quotation Marks By Mark Nichol This post points out common errors committed when reporting what has been said or written. Each example is followed by a discussion of the problem and a revision that provides a solution. 1. She pointed out that, â€Å"Speed matters - the faster an organization learns, the faster it evolves.† The quotation, in isolation, is a complete sentence and is properly capitalized. But when dropped into a sentence, as in the example above, it becomes part of the sentence, just as if it were a paraphrase (â€Å"She pointed out that speed matters - the faster an organization learns, the faster it evolves.†) Therefore, a full-sentence quotation integrated into a full sentence like this is demoted and no longer merits capitalization- nor should it be preceded by a comma, because â€Å"she pointed out that† is not an attribution (see the example below pertaining to attribution), because it includes the transitional term that, which is essentially redundant to a comma: â€Å"She pointed out that ‘speed matters - the faster an organization learns, the faster it evolves.’† 2. â€Å"On the outside, he’s a warrior, but on the inside, he’s controlled and focused,† is how one of John Smith’s teammates described him to us. Similarly, when a quotation is integrated into a sentence at the head of a sentence, omit a comma at the end of the quotation unless it is necessary for the sentence’s grammatical structure: â€Å"On the outside, he’s a warrior, but on the inside, he’s controlled and focused† is how one of John Smith’s teammates described him to us. (In the sentence â€Å"She assured us that ‘he is normally very well behaved,’ as if that had anything to do with it,† the comma correctly separates the main clause from the subordinate clause.) 3. Jones screamed â€Å"help me† and â€Å"you’re assaulting me† as the detective forced her into an unmarked car. Quotations that follow an attribution- a phrase that identifies the speaker or writer and explicitly describes the character of the communication with a verb (such as said) and perhaps an adverb (such as â€Å"said sarcastically† or â€Å"said quietly†) or an adverbial phrase (such as â€Å"said as if to a child† or â€Å"said the other day†), are followed by a comma. In addition, when the quotation is a complete sentence, it should be capitalized: â€Å"Jones screamed, ‘Help me!’ as the detective forced her into an unmarked car.† (And, as further edited, an exclamation point should be included when a quotation is described as being delivered with volume or passion, just as a question mark is necessary when asking a question.) If the attribution pertains to more than one quotation, the quotations are treated as a compound phrase (using the generic structure â€Å"[this] and [that]†) and thus an additional comma, after and, is not required: â€Å"Smith screamed, ‘Help me!’ and ‘You’re assaulting me!’ as the detective forced her into an unmarked car.† (Here, unlike in the previous example, punctuation following the quotation is valid because like question marks, exclamation points, which are otherwise interchangeable with commas, provide contextual information that commas do not.) (This post about attribution and quotations is one of many at DailyWritingTips.com that discuss the topics; search the site using the keywords â€Å"attribution† and â€Å"quotations† for more information.) 4. His next comment chilled me, â€Å"We will be watching everything you do.† When what appears to be an attribution is self-contained- structured as a complete thought- the quotation should be set off from the phrase by a colon rather than a comma: â€Å"His next comment chilled me: ‘We will be watching everything you do.’† 5. I heard someone utter the words, â€Å"I’m sorry, but I can’t help you.† When a quotation is preceded by a phrase that provides context but is not a formal attribution, no punctuation should precede it: â€Å"I heard someone utter the words ‘I’m sorry, but I can’t help you.’† (This error implies that those words are the only words; see the next example for more details.) 6. In this issue, we explore the question, â€Å"Are companies curious enough to really understand all aspects of their corporate culture?† The inclusion of a comma here incorrectly implies that a reference has been made in a previous sentence to a specific question, which is explicitly reproduced in this sentence; the resulting implication is that only one question exists, and this is it. But here, â€Å"the question† and the quotation that constitutes the question are appositives- two ways to describe an idea (here, a generic description of a thing- a question- and a specific reproduction of the thing)- and should not be interrupted by punctuation: â€Å"In this issue, we explore the question ‘Are companies curious enough to really understand all aspects of their corporate culture?’ 7. How many times do you want to reheat your leftovers? At some point, you have to say I’m not going to reheat this. You’ve microwaved it six times, and it’s no longer food.† In this passage, â€Å"I’m not going to reheat this† is a conjectural statement the writer is proposing that reader might say at some point. Even though the reader may not actually speak it or write it, the writer should style it as a quotation- and treat you have to say as an attribution: â€Å"How many times do you want to reheat your leftovers? At some point, you have to say, ‘I’m not going to reheat this.’ You’ve microwaved it six times, and it’s no longer food.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a RowHow Many Sentences in a Paragraph?

International Human Resource Management Assignment - 2

International Human Resource Management - Assignment Example 2) A draft job analysis for the position of an expat role would contain a minimum level of education, qualifications, and personality (Pilbeam & Corbridge, 2006). The last of these three is the most important factor in this type of role because it will determine if the prospective employee will adapt to the local culture. Once the candidates are whittled down based on this prerequisite, education and qualifications would then determine who was better placed to take the job according to the job requirements. 3) There are some methods of attracting candidates that would have to be altered to suit a local country where the job is. For example, some third world countries have very little Internet access, so advertising on the Internet would likely not succeed. These types of countries rely more on job referrals from somebody already established in the job market. 4) Psychometric testing would be ideal for potential expat employees because it would measure how they would fit into the company based on their cognitive abilities and personality or behavioral style (PsychPress, 2012). I would interview an expat’s partner because how they adapt to the local culture will determine whether the expat is committed to the job or

If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants Essay

If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants - Essay Example Leonardo’s father was one of the traders who traded in Bugia; a Mediterranean port found in North Eastern Algeria. He always accompanied his father on his journeys across North Africa, and through travelling, he gained valuable knowledge of the mathematical systems that were popular in the countries they visited. After travelling for fifteen years, he quit his long travels and went back to his hometown (Robertson & O’Connor, www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk). While in Pisa, his hometown; Leonardo decided to write books based on his mathematical foundation. Examples of these books include; Liber Abaci, Practica Geometricae, Flos, Liber Quadratorum, among others. Influences from Indian, Arabian and Greek mathematicians can be detected in his methods. Therefore, it is correct to say that Leonardo’s works represents the developments of results he acquired from his predecessors. Leonardo’s published his first work, Liber Abaci (Book of Abacus), in 1202. The Book of Abacus was based on algebra and calculations that he accumulated during his several voyages. The book introduced the use of Arabic numerals and the Hindu-Arabic place value system into Europe: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 (Robertson & O’Connor, www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk). Prior to this time, Roman numerals were being used in Europe, and they were extremely awkward for arithmetic. For example, I =1, V=5, X =10, among others. Leonardo also described in Latin the rules being learnt at elementary schools for subtracting, adding, dividing and multiplying numbers. Several arithmetic problems handled in the book were similar to the ones that appeared in the Arab sources. Liber Abaci’s second section contained several mathematical problems faced by merchants. These problems related to the pricing of goods, how profit calculations were to be conducted, how currencies used in the Mediterranean countries were to be converted, and problems that had originated from China. The third section

Dr. Henry Jekyll (and Mr.Hyde) was born in to a society of morality, respectability and religion Essay Example for Free

Dr. Henry Jekyll (and Mr.Hyde) was born in to a society of morality, respectability and religion Essay Dr. Henry Jekyll was born in to a society of morality, respectability and religion. It was believed that progress could only be made if everyone was self-disciplined and moralistic. Authors such as Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Help guides. All this was aimed to help the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. In an age of stern, industrious hypocrites, respect was everything to the upper and middle classes. People denied themselves alcohol, gambling and prostitution to gain the respect of others. Jekyll refers to these denied as pleasures. People lived without these pleasures but soon began to wonder what they were missing. This brought about the slum adventurers. These were middle and upper class men who wanted to keep the respect of their society but, through anonymity, still indulge in the pleasures the poor slums had to offer. They would work by day in their offices and at night would journey down to the alleys of the slums. A person such as Mr Utterson, a London lawyer who does not wish to indulge in pleasures is of a vicarious nature. It is noticed that though he enjoyed the theatre, [he] had not crossed the doors of one in twenty years. It is this vicariousness that helps him solve the case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Utterson is the opposite of Jekyll in the way that Utterson keeps the respectability of the Victorian society, whereas Jekyll rebels. The rebellious nature of Jekyll leads him to discover how to transform his appearance. Dr. Lanyon, a respectable conventional doctor of Victorian society frowns on Jekyll mostly secret work, which he refers to as unscientific balderdash. In the beginning it is difficult for us to feel sympathy for Dr. Jekyll: he is acting by his own conscience. At this current stage, he is in no way addicted to Mr. Hyde. Even the sight of Mr. Hyde pale and dwarfish who gave the impression of deformity but with no nameable malformation, according to Mr. Utterson, who had taken a loathing to my gentleman at first sight, should have forced Jekyll to recognise that Hyde was evil. It is very difficult to feel sympathy for Jekyll after we are told about when Hyde trampled calmly over a young girls body. Normally after this event anyone else would have ceased his transformation into Hyde. But Jekyll starts to become addicted to taking the drugs (as with modern addictions) and continues to turn into Hyde even after trampling the girl. As if trampling the girl was not a big enough deterrent Hyde brutally murders Sir Danvers Carew. Jekyll, knowing what had happened, easily accepts it and shifts the blame to Hyde. He shows this in Dr Jekylls full statement of the case, it was Hyde, after all, and Hyde alone that is guilty. The ease at which he accepts this and shifts the blame could almost be inhuman. But after he discovers that he begins to change into Hyde spontaneously, without the drug we see he is very self centred and selfish, I must have stared upon it half a minuteI rushed to the mirror my blood was something exquisitely thin and icy. Even though Jekyll is selfish about this, not mentioning what a terrible thing that he made now controls. We can feel some sympathy for knowing that he is trapped and at anytime Hyde might emerge over which Jekyll has no control. Alternatively we can have sympathy for a man that failed to have foreseen what would happen and stopped the process as soon as possible. But he continued to satisfy his need for the pleasures which otherwise eluded him. It is also very difficult to feel sorry for someone who knows and remembers what happens, but does not take action to prevent it. My two natures had memory in common. Surely the memories of the girl and Carew should be painful enough to force any sane and humane person to put a stop to Hydes actions. Hyde goes into hiding after Carews murder in fear of being hung, should he be caught. This removes a lot of the sympathy we may otherwise feel towards Jekyll at this point, as yet again he shows signs of being selfish and putting himself before everyone else. Some of this sympathy is regained when he is in hiding, he begins to show genuine remorse for Carews death. In the statement of the case, Jekyll finally admits to Hydes evil by saying It was no longer the fear of the gallows, it was the horror of being Hyde that racked me. This shows that Jekyll has become altruistic. Jekyll has now begun to put himself after everyone. He now excepts the he must not let Hyde free again for fear of him committing more evil. It is now we finally begin to feel sympathy and start to respect Jekyll for trying to put a stop to Hyde. Finally Jekyll commits suicide to save the world from the terror and evil Hyde could unleash. This gains him the greatest respect and sympathy. He took his life to save others from the extreme evil he had inadvertently created. He finally takes ultimate responsibility and puts a stop to Hyde. In conclusion I think that Jekyll was a victim of Victorian society where respect was everything. In some parts it is hard to offer our sympathy but his final act was one that one must respect and offer sympathy for the pain Jekyll went through. As we have seen restricting things from people can only bring out the bad side of them, as Jekyll explains, My devil had been long caged, he came out roaring. Personal freedom is one of our greatest assets and one we take very much for granted.

An Interview with a Sixth Grade Student Essay examples -- Personal Nar

An Interview with a Sixth Grade Student Bringing up the topic of conducting a case study to my cooperating teacher was a surprising experience. I remember asking my teacher to recommend a â€Å"difficult† student that would provide an interesting interview. My teacher quickly responded, â€Å"Why do your professors always want a difficult student? Sometimes good students provide the most interesting interviews.† I thought about his response and the next day asked him if I could interview Antonio, a student who had intrigued me from the first day I entered Dunn Middle School. Antonio caught my attention because based on his appearance and demeanor in class, one would assume Antonio was a poor student who could not care less about what was being learned in the classroom. However, once a lesson began or a worksheet was distributed, Antonio transformed into a focused and enthralled student. During my lectures I had to avoid calling on him because he knew the answers right away and loved giving corre ct answers. I wanted to know how a student who was so quiet and indifferent during homeroom could become an ideal student when class began. Antonio might not be considered a â€Å"difficult† student, but he is definitely an interesting case and I learned a lot from him during the interview. Based on looks alone, Antonio is an average student in my classroom. He is of average height with a slightly slim build. I have never seen him wear anything other than jeans and tee shirts. Antonio is Hispanic, but I have not heard him speak Spanish in class as other students frequently do. He is also especially quiet in social situations, such as homeroom or free time. From my observations before our interview, I honestly believed Ant... ...ed me that students who may exhibit troubling behaviors in homeroom or other social situations sometimes become model students when classroom time starts. My final question for Antonio was the stereotypical â€Å"What do you want to be when you grow up?†. Antonio thought for a second and then said, â€Å"A doctor or a lawyer.† His answer delighted me, Antonio is essentially dealing with a double life, but he still has big dreams. Even though he has to make lingual changes on a daily basis and sees his friends not taking their education seriously, Antonio has a goal, an impressive goal at that. All in all, Antonio showed me that there are students who can fight the setbacks in their life and work hard to do well in school. I do not think there exists a â€Å"hopeless case† and I feel that every student can work hard to at least perform satisfactory work with the help of teachers.

Motivationed and Social Adjustment

41 B. Ed. ELECTIVE COURSE IV GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the course, the student- teachers will be able to To recall the principles underlying guidance To recognize the need of guidance and counselling in schools To describe the different services in the school guidance programme To acquire the skills necessary to administer and interpret standardized tools To know the qualities required for a good counsellor UNIT-I Guidance Guidance- Meaning, Definitions, Aims, Nature, Principles and Needs.TypesEducational, Vocational, Personal, Social- Relationship between guidance and Counselling – Benefits- Limitations UNIT-II Counselling Counselling– Meaning, Definitions, Elements-Characteristics – Objectives – Need – Types: Directive Counselling, Non-Directive Counselling, Eclectic Counselling – Meaning, Characteristics, Steps, Advantages, Limitations – Difference between Counselling and Guidance. UNIT-III Guidance Movement in India History of guidance movement in India – Problems of guidance movement in India – Ways to improve guidance movement in India.UNIT-IV Qualities of a Counsellor Counsellor – Qualities – Functions- Professional Ethics- Difference between Counsellor and Teacher. UNIT-V Group Guidance and Group Counselling Group guidance – Meaning, Definition, Objectives, Problems, Significance – Techniques, Uses. Group counselling – Meaning, Requirements – Uses. 42 UNIT – VI Theories of Vocational Choice Theories of Vocational Choice – Ginzberg, Super, Holland, Havighurst, Structural theory UNIT –VII Non –Testing Devices in Guidance Non-testing devices in guidance: Observation – Cumulative record, Anecdotal record, Case study, Autobiography, Rating Scale, Sociometry etc.UNIT-VIII Testing Devices in Guidance Testing devices in guidance-Meaning, Definition, Measurement, Uses of psychological tests: Intellig ence tests – Aptitude tests- Personality InventoriesAttitude scales – Achievement tests – Creativity tests -Mental health – frustrationconflict. UNIT- IX Guidance Services in Schools Guidance services at different school levels–Meaning, Significance, Types – Organisation of Guidance services in schools – Role of guidance personnel – Career and Occupational Information – sources, gathering, filing, dissemination- Career Corner- Career Conference.UNIT X Guidance for Exceptional Children Guidance for Exceptional Children- Meaning and Types. Guidance for gifted, backward, mentally retarded, orthopaedically handicapped, visually impaired, deaf and dumb, juvenile delinquents. SUGGESTED REFERENCE BOOKS: Chauhan, S. S. (2008). Principles and techniques of guidance. UP: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd. Sharma, R. N. (2008). Vocational guidance & counseling. Delhi: Surjeet Publications. Jones, A. J. (2008). Principles of guidance. (5 ed). Delhi: Surjeet Publications. Crow, L. D. , & Crow, A. (2008). An introduction to guidance. Delhi: Surjeet Publications. 43 : ! † # :Sharma, R. A. (2008). Career information in career guidance. Meerut: R. Lall Books Depot. Meenakshisundaram, A. (2006). Experimental psychology. Dindigul: Kavyamala Publishers. Meenakshisundaram, A. (2005). Guidance and counseling. Dindigul: Kavyamala Publishers. Qureshi, H. (2004). Educational guidance. New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. Bhatnagar, R. P. , & Seema, R. (2003). Guidance and counselling in education and psychology. Meerut: R. Lal Book Depot. Vashist S. R. (Ed. ). (2002). Principles of guidance. New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. Sharma, R. N. (1999). Guidance and counseling. Delhi: Surjeet Publishers.Sodhi, T. S. , & Suri, S. P. (1997). Publication. Aggarwal, J. C. (1991). Educational, vocational guidance and counseling. New Delhi: Doabai House. Sharma, N. R. (1989). Educational and vocational guidance. Agra: Vinod Pustak Mandir. Kochhar, S. K. (1984). Guidance and counseling in colleges and universities. New Delhi: Sterling Publishing Pvt. Ltd. Indu, D. (1983). The basic essentials of counseling. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Private Ltd. Madhusudan, M. (1983). Educational and vocational guidance. Sambalpur: Saha Publishers & Distributors. Anne, A. (1982). Psychological testing. New York: McMillan Company.Chauhan, S. S. (1982). Principles and techniques of guidance. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. Rao, N. S. (1981). Counseling psychology. New Delhi: Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing Co. Kochhar, S. K. (1979). Guidance in indian education. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Private Ltd. Guidance and counseling. Patiala: Bawa 44 Gaur, J. S. , & Saraswat, R. K. (1978). Occupational literature: An annotated bibliography. New Delhi: NCERT. James, C. H. (1978). Counselling process and procedures. New York: McMillan Co. Pasricha, P. (1976). Guidance and counselling in indian education. New Delh i: NCERT. Cirtes. (1974).Handbook on vocational guidance. New Delhi: Ministry of Labour and Rehabilitation,Govt. of India. Tolbert, E. L. (1974). Counselling for career development. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Patterson, C. H. (1973). Theories of counselling and psycho-therapy. New York: Harper and Row. Sinha, S. N. (1973). Dynamics of vocational behaviour. Jaipur: Asia Publishing House. Nanda, S. K. , & Sagar, S. (1972). Fundamentals of guidance. Chandigarh: N. B. S. Educational Publishers. Barclay, J. R. (1971). Foundations of counselling strategies. London: John Wiley and Sons Inc. Brewer, J. M. (1971). Education as guidance. New York: McGraw Hill.

Ethics, Discretion and Professionalism in Policing Essay

Abstract: This paper is going to cover the unlawful behavior that led to harmful discretionary acts that had taken place in several different police departments; from the big cities of Los Angeles and Chicago to the small department of East Moline. This will cover, in detail, how these officers went down the wrong path to self-destruct their own departments. â€Å"Police discretion refers to the authority granted to a police officer that allows him to decide how best to deal with a certain situation. This is aimed at increasing the flexibility of the justice system as punishment may not always be the appropriate mode of dealing with crimes. Discretion may empower a police officer to overlook a minor offense giving the offender a warning† (Alec Korsmo). Police discretion has been observed to be common in domestic violence, drugs and traffic offences. In matters to do with domestic violence, the police have been on the. They have treated domestic violence as a private matter bet ter left for counseling, cooling off periods. Discretion is used especially when both parties are seen as equally involved in the violence and are either arrested or asked to separate for a few days or sometimes longer to dissipate the anger. Now In traffic, cops can allow a driver who has failed to stop at a red light to walk away as it is normal to sometimes make mistakes. The cops can also use discretion for the drivers caught driving drunk or high on drugs. The police officer will call a cab for the driver or take the civilian home and have the car towed away. All of these things are in the police officers discretion whether to arrest the suspect of try and show them that they got away with it this time and next time the officer will not be as nice. Drugs have been involved in police discretion for a long time. One of the main reasons behind why officers go corrupt is because the amount of money and opportunities that they see in the drug market. It is the officers’ discretion at this point whether to use his badge for corrupt reasons. One famous example of police discretion and drugs would be one in the mid nineteen eighty’s. The officers’ name is Joseph Miedezowski, also known  also known as the most corrupt Chicago police officer of all time. This man was on the payroll of the Latin kings while serving as a trusted officer and protector of the people of Chicago. Miedezowski sold the names and addresses of every gang tact officer to the kings in the midst of his unlawful discretion. He would also use his knowledge of the streets to shake down drug dealers and then turn around and sell the drugs to make own personal gains. His fellow officers later would turn and in two thousand one, he was convicted of ten counts of drug conspiracy and racketeering that landed him a sentence of life in prison. Most of the larger cities have a bad reputation for bad police discretion with Chicago, New York, Los Angeles and New Orleans being among the worst of them by far. This bad discretion and set of morals have left some departments with bad names that they will quiet never get off their backs. An example of this is Louis Eppilito and Steven Caracappa we on the New York police department organized crime investigating unit. The shocking part was that the people they were being paid to investigate was the very ones they had decided to turn their back and work for. Now these two officers had become moles in the department so they could get access to stuff nobody else could outside of the department. The officers soon were into deep and would have to kill whoever the mafia told them too just so they wouldn’t be killed. In two thousand six, both men were tried and convicted of racketeering, obstruction of justice, extortion, eight counts of murder, and conspiracy to commit murder. These charges stemmed from the nineteen eighties to the rarely nineteen ninety’s and the two thousands in Las Vegas they were sentenced to life in a federal prison The Los Angeles Police department continued their bad reputation for bad discretion leading into corruption in the nineteen ninety’s. Rafael Antonio â€Å"Ray† Perez was involved in seven hundred and twenty thousand dollar bank robbery where he shot and framed Javier Ovando. Perez was also accused of stealing at least eight hundred thousand dollars’ worth of cocaine from police lockup. The former officer was also a member of bloods, a violent street gang. Perez would shoot rival unarmed gang members and frame them to make it look like there was a fight and he was just defending himself. After he was caught, seventy other police officers were tried for corruption being that they were under the orders of Perez. In February of two thousand, the former trusted police officer pleaded guilty to stealing eight pounds of cocaine, which got him sentenced to five years in prison. Pà ©rez said this before hearing his sentencing â€Å"I cheated on my wife. I cheated on my employer, and I cheated on all of you, the people of Los Angeles.† A little over a year went by and he was released from prison on parole only to land back in court in December of two thousand one, this time one federal charges. Ray was now being charged with violating Ovando’s civil rights and having possession of a fire arm with serial numbers that had been manipulated. He would go on to serve five more years in federal prison with no chance for parole this time, because in federal prisons, parole is not an option. In August of two thousand five, New Orleans saw one of America’s worst natural disasters ever to occur. Hurricane Katrina had just ripped through the big easy, looters were running wild through stores and streets, and hundreds of homes were being broken into and their valuables being stolen. Local police officers were told that they could shoot the looters on site. Captain Lane Deacon stated â€Å"When I told the officers that I was in command of at that time to shoot or fire at threatening looters I did not think they would act so aggressively.† Three officers Robert Gisevius, Sergeant Kenneth Bowen, and Anthony Villavaso, were stationed on Danzinger Bridge when a young, black man by the name of James Brissett tried to cross. This is when the officers did not use the right discretion and turned down the wrong path. Brissett was unarmed with nothing but his wallet and keys. A confrontation broke out in which the three police officers jumped on the young man and continue d to beat him near death, finally just shooting and killing him. It turns out that Brissett was just looking for shelter. The three officers were then charged with falsifying reports, false prosecution, conspiracy to cover up murder, second degree murder. All three once creditable officers two of them being ranking now face the death penalty. These bad discretionary acts do not just occur in large cities. They happen right in our own small communities and towns. One example of this was recently when an East Moline police officer, Joey DeCap, was caught stealing  thirty thousand dollars from his mother in-law who suffers from various mental illnesses. DeCap and his wife were put in charge of the finances when she was declared incapable of doing so herself. They set up an account at bank of America branch in davenport, Iowa around January two thousand ten. DeCap made it possible for his mother-in-laws bills to be paid from that account while he was drawing out large sums of cash without permission from her or his wife. Along with this deliberate act of injustice, he made money off other peoples cars. DeCap was close friends with the towing company that was on contract with the city of East Moline. They would tow cars to their impound lot after accidents, DUIs, and other various dealings, and wait for the owners to come pick the car. If the car sat for too long they would illegally sell it to DeCap for cheap and he would then take it to be scrapped or sold. All of these crimes led him to be charges with five felony counts of official misconduct and one felony count of financial exploitation of the elderly or disabled. These five examples of how discretion can lead to unlawful acts and corruption have left their various departments with bad reputations. The various cities that they come from are known as having some of the most corrupt officers of all time. It does not matter the well discretionary acts by the policemen there now. Instead they will carry the names of those that have committed those acts in the past. These few rotten seeds have caused the larger cities to be labeled as having the worst policing, the departments are so big and vary in diversity that it would go unnoticed for the most part if there was such unlawful discretionary acts. The larger cities are slowly building their reputation back and b ecoming more community oriented. Although now we are seeing corruption in our small towns and it can’t go unseen. As bigger cities are making a turn for the better, small towns, like around here are making a turn for the worst. So, what causes bad discretionary acts? What makes these figures that are held so high in society turn against their peers, their city, and the people in it that they are supposed to protect? It really can be broken down into four categories based on a study done by T. Newburn. The first and obvious one being police discretion. If the officer has discretion and it is used wisely then the job should not be a problem and they will not take advantage of their position. Another one is the amount of low supervision. Nobody is there to catch all your mistakes and  you feel like you can get away with a lot more for a longer period of time. The next one is cops that are in constant contact with criminals. This gives an easy opportunity for unlawful acts. The last one is the environment surrounding the police officer. We see most of these bad discretionary acts that can lead to corruption happen where there is high population in drug activity and gang activity, where there is a lot of money flowing that can easily be uncounted for. Police also have a strong bond with their fellow officers so they feel secrecy is a part of the police culture, which means most of what happens that is illegal by other officers is sworn to secrecy. Statistically, bad discretionary acts by officers have gone down recently from the early two thousands when it was at an all-time high. Sixty-two percent of police officers are involved in some sort of police corruption. That means about three out of every five cops are, in some way, being unlawful. Record numbers of officers are being investigated, almost two hundred and forty five a month. With all of these crazy numbers you would think more of it would be in the public eye. But it’s the complete opposite most of the bad discretionary acts go unannounced to media so it doesn’t look like the cops are the bad guys. Having good police discretion is a must, because we need loyal law enforcement that can support the community through the good and bad. We can make sure these officers are properly trained in discretion by taking a look at their past and providing classes for the new incoming cadets. I believe the only way you can control corruption in a law enforcement society is teaching them these discretionary ways and the correct morals. Although you cannot change their morals, because they bring in their own set I believe you can show them what’s right and they can do it themselves. Police Ethics Police Discretion G Abstract: This paper is going to cover the unlawful behavior that led to harmful discretionary acts that had taken place in several different police departments; from the big cities of Los Angeles and Chicago to the small  department of East Moline. This will cover, in detail, how these officers went down the wrong path to self-destruct their own departments. â€Å"Police discretion refers to the authority granted to a police officer that allows him to decide how best to deal with a certain situation. This is aimed at increasing the flexibility of the justice system as punishment may not always be the appropriate mode of dealing with crimes. Discretion may empower a police officer to overlook a minor offense giving the offender a warning† (Alec Korsmo). Police discretion has been observed to be common in domestic violence, drugs and traffic offences. In matters to do with domestic violence, the police have been on the. They have treated domestic violence as a private matter better left for counseling, cooling off periods. Discretion is used especially when both parties are seen as equally involved in the violence and are either arrested or asked to separate for a few days or sometimes longer to dissipate the anger. Now In traffic, cops can allow a driver who has failed to stop at a red light to walk away as it is normal to sometimes make mistakes. The cops can also use discretion for the drivers caught driving drunk or high on drugs. The police officer will call a cab for the driver or take the civilian home and have the car towed away. All of these things are in the police officers discretion whether to arrest the suspect of try and show them that they got away with it this time and next time the officer will not be as nice. Drugs have been involved in police discretion for a long time. One of the main reasons behind why officers go corrupt is because the amount of money and opportunities that they see in the drug market. It is the officers’ discretion at this point whether to use his badge for corrupt reasons. One famous example of police discretion and drugs would be one in the mid nineteen eighty’s. The officers’ name is Joseph Miedezowski, also known also known as the most corrupt Chicago police officer of all time. This man was on the payroll of the Latin kings while serving as a trusted officer and protector of the people of Chicago. Miedezowski sold the names and addresses of every gang tact officer to the kings in the midst of his unlawful discretion. He would also use his knowledge of the streets to shake down drug dealers and then turn around and sell the drugs to make own personal gains. His fellow officers later would turn and in two thousand one, he was convicted of ten counts of drug conspiracy and racketeering that landed him  a sentence of life in prison. Most of the larger cities have a bad reputation for bad police discretion with Chicago, New York, Los Angeles and New Orleans being among the worst of them by far. This bad discretion and set of morals have left some departments with bad names that they will quiet never get off their backs. An example of this is Louis Eppilito and Steven Caracappa we on the New York police department organized crime investigating unit. The shocking part was that the people they were being paid to investigate was the very ones they had decided to turn their back and work for. Now these two officers had become moles in the department so they could get access to stuff nobody else could outside of the department. The officers soon were into deep and would have to kill whoever the mafia told them too just so they wouldn’t be killed. In two thousand six, both men were tried and convicted of racketeering, obstruction of justice, extortion, eight counts of murder, and conspiracy to commit murder. These charges stemmed from the nineteen eighties to the rarely nineteen ninety’s and the two thousands in Las Vegas they were sentenced to life in a federal prison The Los Angeles Police department continued their bad reputation for bad discretion leading into corruption in the nineteen ninety’s. Rafael Antonio â€Å"Ray† Perez was involved in seven hundred and twenty thousand dollar bank robbery where he shot and framed Javier Ovando. Perez was also accused of stealing at least eight hundred thousand dollars’ worth of cocaine from police lockup. The former officer was also a member of bloods, a violent street gang. Perez would shoot rival unarmed gang members and frame them to make it look like there was a fight and he was just defending himself. After he was caught, seventy other police officers were tried for corruption being that they were under the orders of Perez. In February of two thousand, the former trusted police officer pleaded guilty to stealing eight pounds of cocaine, which got him sentenced to five years in prison. Pà ©rez said this before hearing his sentencing â€Å"I cheated on my wife. I cheated on my employer, and I cheated on all of you, the people of Los Angeles.† A little over a year went by and he was released from prison on parole only to land back in court in December of two thousand one, this time one federal  charges. Ray was now being charged with violating Ovando’s civil rights and having possession of a fire arm with serial numbers that had been manipulated. He would go on to serve five more years in federal prison with no chance for parole this time, because in federal prisons, parole is not an option. In August of two thousand five, New Orleans saw one of America’s worst natural disasters ever to occur. Hurricane Katrina had just ripped through the big easy, looters were running wild through stores and streets, and hundreds of homes were being broken into and their valuables being stolen. Local police officers were told that they could shoot the looters on site. Captain Lane Deacon stated â€Å"When I told the officers that I was in command of at that time to shoot or fire at threatening looters I did not think they would act so aggressively.† Three officers Robert Gisevius, Sergeant Kenneth Bowen, and Anthony Villavaso, were stationed on Danzinger Bridge when a young, black man by the name of James Brissett tried to cross. This is when the officers did not use the right discretion and turned down the wrong path. Brissett was unarmed with nothing but his wallet and keys. A confrontation broke out in which the three police officers jumped on the young man and continue d to beat him near death, finally just shooting and killing him. It turns out that Brissett was just looking for shelter. The three officers were then charged with falsifying reports, false prosecution, conspiracy to cover up murder, second degree murder. All three once creditable officers two of them being ranking now face the death penalty. These bad discretionary acts do not just occur in large cities. They happen right in our own small communities and towns. One example of this was recently when an East Moline police officer, Joey DeCap, was caught stealing thirty thousand dollars from his mother in-law who suffers from various mental illnesses. DeCap and his wife were put in charge of the finances when she was declared incapable of doing so herself. They set up an account at bank of America branch in davenport, Iowa around January two thousand ten. DeCap made it possible for his mother-in-laws bills to be paid from that account while he was drawing out large sums of cash without permission from her or his wife. Along with this deliberate act of injustice, he made money off other peoples cars. DeCap was close friends with the towing  company that was on contract with the city of East Moline. They would tow cars to their impound lot after accidents, DUIs, and other various dealings, and wait for the owners to come pick the car. If the car sat for too long they would illegally sell it to DeCap for cheap and he would then take it to be scrapped or sold. All of these crimes led him to be charges with five felony counts of official misconduct and one felony count of financial exploitation of the elderly or disabled. These five examples of how discretion can lead to unlawful acts and corruption have left their various departments with bad reputations. The various cities that they come from are known as having some of the most corrupt officers of all time. It does not matter the well discretionary acts by the policemen there now. Instead they will carry the names of those that have committed those acts in the past. These few rotten seeds have caused the larger cities to be labeled as having the worst policing, the departments are so big and vary in diversity that it would go unnoticed for the most part if there was such unlawful discretionary acts. The larger cities are slowly building their reputation back and becoming more community oriented. Although now we are seeing corruption in our small towns and it can’t go unseen. As bigger cities are making a turn for the better, small towns, like around here are making a turn for the worst. So, what causes bad discretionary acts? What makes these figures that are held so high in society turn against their peers, their city, and the people in it that they are supposed to protect? It really can be broken down into four categories based on a study done by T. Newburn. The first and obvious one being police discretion. If the officer has discretion and it is used wisely then the job should not be a problem and they will not take advantage of their position. Another one is the amount of low supervision. Nobody is there to catch all your mistakes and you feel like you can get away with a lot more for a longer period of time. The next one is cops that are in constant contact with criminals. This gives an easy opportunity for unlawful acts. The last one is the environment surrounding the police officer. We see most of these bad discretionary acts that can lead to corruption happen where there is high population in drug activity and gang activity, where there is a lot of money flowing that can easily be uncounted for. Police also have a strong bond with their fellow officers so they feel secrecy is a part of the police  culture, which means most of what happens that is illegal by other officers is sworn to secrecy. Statistically, bad discretionary act s by officers have gone down recently from the early two thousands when it was at an all-time high. Sixty-two percent of police officers are involved in some sort of police corruption. That means about three out of every five cops are, in some way, being unlawful. Record numbers of officers are being investigated, almost two hundred and forty five a month. With all of these crazy numbers you would think more of it would be in the public eye. But it’s the complete opposite most of the bad discretionary acts go unannounced to media so it doesn’t look like the cops are the bad guys. Having good police discretion is a must, because we need loyal law enforcement that can support the community through the good and bad. We can make sure these officers are properly trained in discretion by taking a look at their past and providing classes for the new incoming cadets. I believe the only way you can control corruption in a law enforcement society is teaching them these discretionary ways and the correct morals. Although you cannot change their morals, because they bring in their own set I believe you can show them what’s right and they can do it themselves.

Weed Is Great Essays - Cannabis Smoking, Entheogens, Free Essays

Weed Is Great Essays - Cannabis Smoking, Entheogens, Free Essays Weed Is Great Marijuana Marijuana originated in the middle east (Taiwan, Korea). China plays an important part in Marijuana's history. Hoatho, the first chinese physician to use Cannabis for medical purposes as a painkiller and anesthetic for surgery. In the Ninth Century B.C., it was used as an incense by the Assyrians Herbal, a Chinese book of medicine from the second Century B.C., was first to describe it in print. It was used as an anesthetic 5,000 years ago in ancient china. Many (*) ancient cultures such as the persians, Greeks, East Indians, Romans, and the Assyrians for many things. These were what they used it for: the control of muscle spasms, reduction of pain, and for indegestion. Imagine that if they still practiced this, instead of taking an Alka Seltzer after you had mom's Chili or Tacos, you might be sitting in the living room on the LAY-Z Boy, smoking a joint or however they would take it. The folk medicine of Africa and Asia have used it as an herbal preparation. A mythical and legendary pharmacist and emperor Shen Nung thought using it as a seditive was all right. In 2,700 B.C. that same mythical emperor said it helped female weakness, gout, rheumatism, malaria, beri-beri (?), contipation, and absentmindedness. In 1979 (A.D.) Carlton E. Turner visited China and found marijuana was not in use in formal medical places. J. D. P. Graham of the Welsh National School of Medicine wrote, One not need take to seriously the anecdotal use of it's use for many purposes in China or by the Hindus in the pre-Christian Millennia ...and by the Arabs! In 1890 in England's Lancet said cannabis extract was good for neuralgia, fits, migraine and psychosomatic disorders but not for rheumatic conditions. It is not easy to tell the dosage because of the variations in potency and the irregularity in absorbtion. The time delay before the onset of the possible effects of marijuana lowered it's popularity as a medicine as did the introduction of a variety of new and better medicines like aspirin, morpheine (habit forming), chloral, barbituates tranquilizers, and when it got on the list of drugs thought by the world community to require legal restrictions. Our first President, George Washington, grew cannabis on his plantation. The cannabis he grew was more fibrous and is better known as hemp. Hemp was used to make rope, twine, paper and canvas (the word canvas comes from Cannabis) and was an important crop in the american colonies. In Jamestown, Virginia it was grown for it's fiber qualities in 1611. (Snyder, 1985) The U.S. Pharmacopeia had it listed as a useful medicine from the year 1870 to 1941. A Pharmacopeia is a book of directions and requirements for the preparations of medicines, generally published by an authority; a collection or stock of drugs. This tells us the U.S. Pharmacopeia was an authority on the use of drugs for medical purposes, and said that the use of marijuana for said purposes was helpful. The U.S. Pharmacopeia last listed cannabis (the dried flower tops of the pistillate plants of cannabis sativa) in 1936.(Lovinge,1985,p434) That years epitome of the pharmacopeia and the national formula described the drug for physicians thus:a narcotic poison, producing a mild delirium. Used in sedative mixtures but of doubtful value. Also employed to color corn remedies. The next pharmacopeia released in 1942 (I gather they were relaesed every six years) did not have cannabis sativa in it. The 1937 U.S. dispensatory said:Cannabis is used in medicine to relieve pain, encourage sleep, and to soothe restlessness. We have very little definite knowledge of the effects of therapeutic quantities, but in some persons it appears to produce a euphoria and will often relieve migrainic headaches. One of the great hindrances to the wider use of this drug is the great variability and the potency of different samples of Cannabis which renders it impossible to approximate the proper dose of any individual smaple except by clinical trial. Because of occasional unpleasant symptoms from unusually potent preparations, physicians have generally been overcaustious in the quantities administered. The only way of determining the dose of an individual preparation is to give it in ascending quantities until some effect is produced. (The Book suggested using a fluid extract - powdered cannabis in solution, 4/5 alcohol - three times a day, starting with two or three minims.)(Lovinge,1985,p434) Extracts, tinctures, and herbal packages of cannabis manufactured by many drug companies, was available in any pharmacy until 1941 when The two main professional directories of drugs in the United States dropped it.(Snnyder 1985,p38) It is still used as a medicine

Find Out Where Killer Whales Live

Find Out Where Killer Whales Live Despite their prevalence in marine parks such as SeaWorld, killer whales (otherwise known as orcas) are a wide-ranging cetacean species in the wild. Learn more about where killer whales live and how they survive. Killer whales are found in all of the worlds oceans. In fact, the Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals states that they are second only to humans as the most widely distributed mammal in the world. You can see a killer whale range map on the IUCN site. These animals seem to prefer cooler waters, but may be found from warm waters around the Equator to polar waters. Orcas may enter semi-enclosed seas, river mouths, and ice-riddled areas, in addition to inhabiting waters far out in the open ocean.You may think they only live in deep oceans, but populations have been recorded living for longer periods of time in only a few meters of water.   The question of where killer whales live is complicated by the fact that there is disagreement over how many species of killer whales there are. Studies on killer whale genetics, physical appearance, diet, and vocalizations have led scientists to believe that there are more than one species (or at least subspecies) of killer whales (you can see a great illustration of the different types of killer whales). Once this question is answered, the habitat for various species may become more defined. SeaWorld notes that there are a few different types of Antarctic killer whales in different regions:  Type A killer whales live offshore in water that does not include ice.Type B orcas live in inshore waters of Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula; large type B near the pack ice; and small type B venture out to more open waters.Type C killer whales inhabit inshore waters and pack ice. They are most commonly found in the eastern Antarctic.Type D orcas reside in deep, subantarctic waters. The whales move around and can migrate based on where their prey goes. Where Orcas Live Areas where killer whales have been well-studied include: The Southern Ocean around AntarcticaThe Pacific Northwest  (where salmon-eating resident orcas, mammal-eating transient orcas, and shark-eating offshore orcas have been identified)AlaskaNorth Atlantic Ocean (Norway, Iceland, Scotland and the Strait of Gibraltar)On more rare occasions they have been seen in waters off of the Bahamas, Florida, Hawaii, Australia, the Galapagos Islands, the Gulf of Mexico, New Zealand, and South Africa.Rarely, they have been seen in freshwater locations.   Killer Whale Living Relationships Within the populations of killer whales in various areas, there may be pods and clans. Pods are long-term units made up of males, females, and calves. Within the pods, there are smaller units called maternal groups, consisting of mothers and their offspring. Above the pods in the social structure are clans. These are groups of pods that associate over time and may be related to each other. Want to see killer whales in the wild? You can get a list of whale watching sites around the world, many of which offer the opportunity to see killer whales.

Key facts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Key facts - Assignment Example The second step is to determine the key elements of the cause of action that is raised by the facts of case. The third step is to outline all the facts of the case that are important to the elements of action raised in the second step. The fourth and final step is to outline which of the facts listed satisfy the key elements of the cause of action to be discussed in a court of law. There are three steps used in indentifying the facts in a court opinion. The first step involves reading the entire case having in mind what was decided in regards to what facts of the case were. The second step is to read and analyze the holding of the case. This helps to understand how the court answered the legal questions raised on the facts of the case. The last step is analyzing the key facts used to make the holding of the case (Albright & Putman, 2013). Police in Burbank initiated surveillance on Leon after receiving confidential information that they were selling cocaine and investigation earlier showed that he stored a stash of methaqualone in his house. After a search Leon was indicted by a grand jury in California and charged with drug trafficking. The court granted a motion to suppress evidence arguing it was defective due to the warrant and lack of probable cause. On Appeal, the government argued that the police acted on good faith when using the defective warrant. The court of appeal affirmed trial court decision and declined the government argument of good faith. Reasoning: The exclusionary rule was a judicial act not a constitutional right that safeguards the Fourth Amendment. It deters police from misconduct and abuse. However, a police who acts with a defective warrant in good faith cannot be held for misconduct. There lacks basis when evidence is suppressed when they relied in good faith using a defective search

Social Responsibilities of Private Sector Businesses Essay

Social Responsibilities of Private Sector Businesses - Essay Example From this paper it i clear that  private enterprises are formed with a basic purpose of generating profits to the shareholders. This is different from organizations in the public and voluntary sectors whose main purpose is not to make profits but to serve the public. This is because the revenues for setting up of setting up organizations in public sector come from the general public through taxation.This study highlights that  public organizations do not prioritize making profit over the quality of services or products offered to the general public. On the other hand, private enterprises prioritize making profits to the shareholders. This is because the revenues used in setting up the organizations come from individuals, who risk their resources in order to get benefits. It is also worth pointing out that employee in the private enterprises work in accordance to the aims of their employers. This means that employees in the private enterprise aim to increase profits while adhering to the society needs that are either set as rules in a country or as a way of promoting good company image to the public. In short, employees in the private enterprise are agents of the owners and whatever they do is based on the desires of the proprietors of the enterprise. While carrying out social responsibilities in the industry, the main aim is to appeal to the public in order to improve business relations and hence better sales of products and services.