Japanese Alien and Japanese-American Poets In U. S....

On February 19, 1942, Franklin Delano Roosevelt issued the infamous Executive Order 9066, which resulted in the internment of 110,000 Japanese Aliens and Japanese Americans in concentration camps because of the so-called military threat, they posed. In 1945, poet Lawson Fusao Inada wrote the following poem, titled Concentration Constellation, which refers to the various relocation camps that were used to contain these people: In this earthly configuration, We have, not points of light, but prominent barbs of dark†¦ Begin between the Golden States highest and lowest elevations and name that location Manzanar. Rattlesnake a line southward to the zone of Arizona, to the home if natives on the reservation, and call those†¦show more content†¦As Inada illustrates, government documents and written accounts are not the only way to study the issues surrounding the internment; poetry, being a traditional and cherished practice brought over from Japan and continued in the United States, serves to give a unique and informative perspective into the lives of the Japanese internees. Not only does the poetry written by Japanese aliens and American citizens of Japanese descent describe the living conditions in the relocation camps they were imprisoned in, but it also demonstrates the array of emotions these people felt, including the hope of one day being free, the anger at being imprisoned, and, most prominently, the sadness from being away from home and loved ones. Why was writing poetry so popular in the internment camps? Jori and Kay Nakano relate that short poems were ideal forms for the internees expression of their pent-up emotion, because of the scarcity of writing paper. The Nakanos also point out that short poems were a Japanese tradition of expression, and thus a form that the people of Japanese descent were comfortable with. Their poetry offered a means of escape and relief, a way to vent and reflect in the harsh environment they were trapped in. While commenting on his own experiences, Inada asserts that if it werent for the poem, the thoughts and feelings would have stayed submerged, unexpressed, gradually fading and dispersing in my consciousness, and that

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Relationship between Finance and Accounting in Health Care Essay

Essays on Relationship between Finance and Accounting in Health Care Essay The paper "Relationship between Finance and Accounting in Health Care" is a good example of an essay on finance and accounting. Finance and accounting are two fields that differ from each other. Usually, the people who are not related to the business field have a misconception regarding these two fields. But, both of them are different from each other, though both are important for each other.Accounting is a field of business that records the business transactions of any particular organization. It helps to maintain a record of all the past transactions that occurred in an organization. The transactions in accounting are recorded on a monthly, annually, semi-annually or quarter-annual basis, depending upon the policies and rules of the organization. Accounting an organization about its profit and loss that occurred in the past. It involves such calculations and tables that represent the financial state of an organization on a particular date. Accounting helps list the financial data of a company. In short, accounting is the subject that deals and analyses all the past financial activities of any organization.Finance, on the other hand, is having a broader scope as compared to accounting. It is a vast field that includes many subjects such as cost management, tax laws, economics, actuarial sciences, and risk analysis, etc. accounting is also one of the sub-division of the enormous field finance. As accounting deals and records all the financial transactions of an organization of the past, finance uses that past data and judges the future financial position of an organization. It is no doubt profoundly important as any kind of business cannot flourish or not even maintain its position in the future without knowing its finance. Therefore, finance is the field that uses the information provided by accountants for the benefits of the company. It analyses the causes of the profits and losses that a business had to bear during the past times. It judges all such reason s and provides a way for an organization to minimize its loss and increase its profit. It helps in predicting the future through various facts and gives the business tricks to an organization so as to get the maximum output with a low amount of investment.Both the fields, being different from each other, associate with each other. Both are extremely important for the financial position of a company. Without finance, accounting won’t be of much use and without accounting; it will be very difficult for finance to perform all the financial activities and judgments.Therefore, both the fields are important as they both together give the strategies of success to an organization. (Relationship between Accounting and Finance)The financial viability of an organization is the ability of that organization to meet all its targets. It also means how an organization manages its financial resources so as to fulfill its requirements and tasks.Health care organizations play a vital role in so ciety and are included in one of the noblest businesses as they are meant to serve humanity. Health care organizations, like any other organization, need proficient accountants and finance managers to run their organization in an effective and efficient manner. Accounting and finance play an important role to determine the financial viability of a health care organization. They provide strategies that enable the financial managers to facilitate the patients with the best of everything in a low amount of cost along with the required profit of the organization. Finance and accounting help in maintaining the standards of the health care organization. The financial management of such organizations might be difficult and different from other kinds of organizations as it requires proper planning and highly skilled accountants and financial managers.

common app. essay free essay sample

I was never popular or in a group of outcasts, only forever stuck in the undistinguishable middle. Ironically, it is the largest group of students, whose intellect ranges from slightly below average to slightly above it. We are neither ingenious enough nor dopey enough to receive any special attention. We participate in activities and sports without receiving any high recognition. That is the bottomless pit where I spent a hefty chunk of my High School career. Most peers and teachers who did not know me well would describe me as quiet and studious, someone who only opened up to a group of tightly knit friends. Friends would describe me as sarcastically humorous, animated, and sometimes arrogantly confident. The first quarter of my junior year passed by before I realized that I no longer desired to pass along undetected. I wanted to be known, recognized, and even remembered. I made it my personal goal to be more sociable with my peers in or out of class and to take any opportunity to help someone instead of being asked to. We will write a custom essay sample on common app. essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Only another quarter later, the end of the first semester I noticed a change in the way I was treated and my own demeanor as well. Throughout the day I was now often greeted with numerous â€Å"hey’s† ,†hi’s†, and â€Å"what’s up’s†. I myself became more cheerful knowing I was not only approaching my goal but, enjoying all the new personalities I interacted with. In English class I was named â€Å"bumptious†, one of our vocabulary words, by Mrs. Svonavec because of my playful self-righteous attitude. In Spanish class Senora Rose dubbed me â€Å"the hulk† due to my physical strength and boldness. To this day most of my peers still address me by one of those nicknames rather than my real name. A combination of my new backbone and the encouragement of Mrs. Warner, a true mentor, and my friends I toke the stride to run for Student Council President, a long time hope of mine. Up against the brilliance of two candidates o f the popular crowd, who participated in more activities than one could count, I did not expect to win. In a way the whole process was another way that I needed to prove my worth to myself. Covered by my so called mask of â€Å"bumptiousness†, no one would ever guess that I shared with the majority of my peers the fear of being humiliated in front of the whole student body. My anxiety heightened by the fact that while most girls dreamt of dating the schools most popular jock I dreamed of becoming student council president. The weeks leading up to the speeches, my two best friends Hadeel and Sophie created their own form of a campaign committee. By the time voting day came around my name was plastered over the whole school. A familiar nauseous feeling rose in my throat when it was my turn to share my plans as president. Starting off softly my voice became dauntless and evident as I noticed all the smiles thrown my way in the front of the auditorium. Received with lively appla use my pride swelled as I thanked the crowd and walked off stage. The next morning my homeroom immediately became silent as the principal announced my victory. I was completely stunned as the room erupted into cheers and congratulated me. The day passed by as if it were a hallucination where I could not remove the contagious smile from my face. Realizing my most significant goals and overcoming my fear of public speaking made my junior year the most eventful of my high school experience so far. My first victory lead me to run for senior class president as well. With the pressures of these new duties for my senior year I hope to achieve new goals and leave behind a set of standards that future officers will need to work diligently to overcome.

Keyword Optimization How to Target the Right Search Terms

Keywords and how they’re used has evolved over the years. So, do keywords even matter anymore? If they do, how can I tell if I’m targeting the right ones? And how can I figure out which I should be targeting? That’s where keyword optimization comes in. Keyword search optimization is all about researching, evaluating, and selecting the best keywords for your business. While this is in incredibly important step when you first set out to create an SEO strategy, keyword optimization is an ongoing process that needs to be revisited at least a few times per year. In the post we’re outlining some of the key steps in keyword optimization, including how you can analyze your existing keyword strategy, and how to improve it. Let’s jump in. Free Actionable Bonus: Looking to elevate your SEO strategy?We partnered with Jay Baer of Convince Convert to create this free ebook on 6 Ways to Fix Your Barebones SEO Strategy Why does keyword optimization matter? In order for SEO to drive meaningful results for your business, you need to be targeting the right keywords. In order for SEO to drive meaningful results for your business, you need to be targeting the right keywords. Click To Tweet That means not only targeting high-volume keywords that help you build traffic — but also high-intent keywords that help you generate an ROI. In short, keyword optimization will help you: Drive highly relevant traffic Understand your traffic potential Write more effective content How has keyword optimization changed? There was once a time when keyword stuffing and other keyword manipulation techniques were considered â€Å"optimization†, but over the years Google and other search engines have become more sophisticated. Today, search engines care more about intent than the actual keyword or how many times it appear on a page. They want to figure out the meaning behind your content and user queries. Today, search engines care more about intent than the actual keyword or how many times it appear on a page. They want to figure out the meaning behind your content and user queries. Click To Tweet The debut of â€Å"semantic search,† released with Google’s 2013 Hummingbird update, took the idea of intent-based search results a step further. For example, when a user searches for â€Å"cheap coffee in Chicago,† the old, keyword-centric search engines would have returned pages that contained these three keywords, regardless of what each page was actually about. But, semantic search works differently. It deciphers the meaning behind the query – the user is looking for inexpensive coffee options located in Chicago – then it looks for websites that meet these criteria, regardless of whether the exact query terms are in their content. Therefore, if your content describes you as an affordable purveyor of coffee, and your location is defined as Chicago, you could snag a top spot in the search results, even if the actual words â€Å"cheap,† â€Å"coffee† and â€Å"Chicago† aren’t anywhere in your content. In short, the intent of the search matters more than the keywords themselves. Where you need to keep using keywords Updates to search algorithms and changes to SEO best practices don’t mean you should abandon keywords altogether. While keyword frequency is no longer a huge influencer on page rank, keyword placement and usage still makes a difference. Some places you should be sure to include the keyword on a page are: The title A subheading The first 100 words of the article URL Image alt description Meta description But how do you know you’re using the right keywords? Are you targeting the right search terms? An important part of keyword optimization is looking at your existing search terms and determining if there are any gaps or missed opportunities. For example: Long-tail keywords can incredibly valuable and much easier to rank for. High-intent keywords may have only a couple dozen or hundred searchers per month, ranking highly for those keywords can be an excellent lead generation tool. Here we’ve outlined 5-steps for evaluating your existing keyword strategy (followed by some tips for choosing the right keywords.) Step 1: Brainstorming Before you begin a more thorough investigation, it helps to come up with a list of topics that are important to your customers. Then come up on some keywords that you think your target audience will use when searching for your products and services. This is a really important step that some marketers get wrong. For content marketing to drive meaningful results, it needs to be focused on your customer rather than your business. For example, a boutique design agency that writes an article on the â€Å"latest design trends† is attracting competitors to their site, not customers. Step 2: Get specific One of the first things to look for when reviewing your keyword strategy is how specific or targeted they are. There are two problems with targeting broad keywords: They’re difficult to rank for They don’t deliver to most relevant traffic For example, you’ll get more qualified leads from a search of â€Å"men’s brown leather satchel† than you will from â€Å"satchel.† Also think about using different synonyms that are relevant to your products and services. For example: â€Å"men’s brown leather knapsack.† Step 3: Geographic keywords (when relevant) Including a geographic element within your keywords can make them even more valuable, especially if you have a physical store or work from an offline location. These more targeted keywords should attract more ready-to-buy leads who are located in your area. Additionally, localized keywords will have less competition. In a similar way, try to use more targeted language including industry terms and local slang. Take a look at the number of results for â€Å"design agency† vs. â€Å"design agency new york† – the latter has 700 million fewer results. Step 4: Analyze the competition When you know which keywords your competitors are using, you can focus on different sets of keyword phrases that your competitors are ignoring. This is a great opportunity for your business to rank higher for certain keywords and capture more of the market share. Step 5: Don’t forget meta tags Each page on your website should have a unique meta title and meta description. The meta title will be used by Google as the blue link in the results pages. The meta description won’t affect your rankings, but it is usually what Google uses as the description below the meta title. Think of the title and description as an advertisement. They should reflect the target keywords for each web page, but also grab the attention of readers. When we search for â€Å"design agency new york† this is one of the top results. We can see they’ve done a good job of using semantically related keywords (â€Å"creative agency† rather than â€Å"design†) and have included keywords in both the meta title and description. Leave this field empty if you're human: How to select top search terms Next, we’re going to look at how to find high-value keywords you should try to rank for. The two main types of keywords are broad and long tail. Broad keywords are normally one or two words that apply to a whole industry (e.g. inbound marketing). Long-tail keywords are extended phrases that are more specific to your company (e.g. inbound marketing firm in Springfield). Long-tail keywords usually bring in more relevant traffic and are easier to rank higher for. How to research keywords Keyword research is all about coming up with a variety of phrases that people will use when searching for your business, products, and services. From there, you’re able to build content around these terms. Here are a few tips for researching keywords: Start broad Start with the topics you want to rank for. What products or services do you offer? E.g. â€Å"inbound marketing software.† Solve problems What solutions do you offer your prospects? Create a list based on the problems your audience may ask. E.g. â€Å"How do I build an email list?† Frequently asked questions. Answer potential questions before they are asked. E.g. â€Å"How to generate more leads through social media.† Product based What does your company do? Different people will use different search terms to find your business. What are the alternatives? E.g. â€Å"Internet marketing services.† Buyer journey Think about questions people ask early in the buyer journey Think about questions people ask just before making a purchase Create both top-of-funnel and bottom-of-funnel content Look at search volume You want to balance search volume with intent. While the word â€Å"marketing† might have huge search volume, it won’t generate the most relevant traffic. When you plug these terms into Google, check out the related search terms at the bottom of the results page for further inspiration. At the same time, see if your competitors are ranking for certain keyword phrases. It might be a good idea to focus on the phrases they’re ignoring in order to generate more leads from these search terms. Keyword research tools There are plenty of keyword research tools to help you generate keyword ideas and identify which ones have less competition. Google’s Keyword Planner tool is one of the most popular keyword tools, giving you traffic estimates and search volume for keyword phrases you may want to target. Use it to get suggestions for related phrases and to work out the value of keywords. The competition for every keyword phrase varies, so you need to find those that have a reasonably high search volume but less competition. Choosing the right keywords is an ongoing challenge for every business, but taking the time to do proper research will lead to more success in the long term. There are many free keyword tools. Sign up to Google AdWords and you can use Google’s Keyword Planner. Here, you can get search volume and traffic estimates for words you’re considering. Use it with Google Trends and you can also see which terms are trending over time. Wordtracker and Ubersuggest are also free, but if you want more functionality, paid keyword research tools might be the way to go. But don’t just use these tools – listen to social media conversations around your brand to discover popular phrases and frequently asked questions. It’s all part of keyword research. Selecting the best keywords for SEO is an ongoing process; you’ll need to add more and more keywords to your lists to maintain search engine rankings. Using language that is appropriate to your audience matters, but using synonyms and related terms will also help establish your authority to Google. Keyword research has changed a little, but ultimately the rules are the same: create quality content that is relevant to your audience. As your content spreads, your link profile will grow and so will your credibility in the eyes of Google. Page level keyword optimization To give search engine robots and humans a better understanding of your site, your site architecture also needs to make sense. This means placing keywords in the right place on a web page. Examples of where to place keywords and phrases: Page title tags. Every page should use unique keyword phrases to increase website relevance. Description tags. Think about what information your audience is looking for. In the main body of content. To further enhance the relevance of each page, use a variety of keyword phrases. Since Hummingbird, Google downgrades pages with too many duplicate keywords. Headings. Every heading should clearly explain the content to follow. Image and video alt tags. Include keywords so that search engines know what they represent. If you’re interested in learning more about this topic, then check out our post: The Latest Trends of On-Page Optimization Keyword Optimization How to Target the Right Search Terms Keywords and how they’re used has evolved over the years. So, do keywords even matter anymore? If they do, how can I tell if I’m targeting the right ones? And how can I figure out which I should be targeting? That’s where keyword optimization comes in. Keyword search optimization is all about researching, evaluating, and selecting the best keywords for your business. While this is in incredibly important step when you first set out to create an SEO strategy, keyword optimization is an ongoing process that needs to be revisited at least a few times per year. In the post we’re outlining some of the key steps in keyword optimization, including how you can analyze your existing keyword strategy, and how to improve it. Let’s jump in. Free Actionable Bonus: Looking to elevate your SEO strategy?We partnered with Jay Baer of Convince Convert to create this free ebook on 6 Ways to Fix Your Barebones SEO Strategy Why does keyword optimization matter? In order for SEO to drive meaningful results for your business, you need to be targeting the right keywords. In order for SEO to drive meaningful results for your business, you need to be targeting the right keywords. Click To Tweet That means not only targeting high-volume keywords that help you build traffic — but also high-intent keywords that help you generate an ROI. In short, keyword optimization will help you: Drive highly relevant traffic Understand your traffic potential Write more effective content How has keyword optimization changed? There was once a time when keyword stuffing and other keyword manipulation techniques were considered â€Å"optimization†, but over the years Google and other search engines have become more sophisticated. Today, search engines care more about intent than the actual keyword or how many times it appear on a page. They want to figure out the meaning behind your content and user queries. Today, search engines care more about intent than the actual keyword or how many times it appear on a page. They want to figure out the meaning behind your content and user queries. Click To Tweet The debut of â€Å"semantic search,† released with Google’s 2013 Hummingbird update, took the idea of intent-based search results a step further. For example, when a user searches for â€Å"cheap coffee in Chicago,† the old, keyword-centric search engines would have returned pages that contained these three keywords, regardless of what each page was actually about. But, semantic search works differently. It deciphers the meaning behind the query – the user is looking for inexpensive coffee options located in Chicago – then it looks for websites that meet these criteria, regardless of whether the exact query terms are in their content. Therefore, if your content describes you as an affordable purveyor of coffee, and your location is defined as Chicago, you could snag a top spot in the search results, even if the actual words â€Å"cheap,† â€Å"coffee† and â€Å"Chicago† aren’t anywhere in your content. In short, the intent of the search matters more than the keywords themselves. Where you need to keep using keywords Updates to search algorithms and changes to SEO best practices don’t mean you should abandon keywords altogether. While keyword frequency is no longer a huge influencer on page rank, keyword placement and usage still makes a difference. Some places you should be sure to include the keyword on a page are: The title A subheading The first 100 words of the article URL Image alt description Meta description But how do you know you’re using the right keywords? Are you targeting the right search terms? An important part of keyword optimization is looking at your existing search terms and determining if there are any gaps or missed opportunities. For example: Long-tail keywords can incredibly valuable and much easier to rank for. High-intent keywords may have only a couple dozen or hundred searchers per month, ranking highly for those keywords can be an excellent lead generation tool. Here we’ve outlined 5-steps for evaluating your existing keyword strategy (followed by some tips for choosing the right keywords.) Step 1: Brainstorming Before you begin a more thorough investigation, it helps to come up with a list of topics that are important to your customers. Then come up on some keywords that you think your target audience will use when searching for your products and services. This is a really important step that some marketers get wrong. For content marketing to drive meaningful results, it needs to be focused on your customer rather than your business. For example, a boutique design agency that writes an article on the â€Å"latest design trends† is attracting competitors to their site, not customers. Step 2: Get specific One of the first things to look for when reviewing your keyword strategy is how specific or targeted they are. There are two problems with targeting broad keywords: They’re difficult to rank for They don’t deliver to most relevant traffic For example, you’ll get more qualified leads from a search of â€Å"men’s brown leather satchel† than you will from â€Å"satchel.† Also think about using different synonyms that are relevant to your products and services. For example: â€Å"men’s brown leather knapsack.† Step 3: Geographic keywords (when relevant) Including a geographic element within your keywords can make them even more valuable, especially if you have a physical store or work from an offline location. These more targeted keywords should attract more ready-to-buy leads who are located in your area. Additionally, localized keywords will have less competition. In a similar way, try to use more targeted language including industry terms and local slang. Take a look at the number of results for â€Å"design agency† vs. â€Å"design agency new york† – the latter has 700 million fewer results. Step 4: Analyze the competition When you know which keywords your competitors are using, you can focus on different sets of keyword phrases that your competitors are ignoring. This is a great opportunity for your business to rank higher for certain keywords and capture more of the market share. Step 5: Don’t forget meta tags Each page on your website should have a unique meta title and meta description. The meta title will be used by Google as the blue link in the results pages. The meta description won’t affect your rankings, but it is usually what Google uses as the description below the meta title. Think of the title and description as an advertisement. They should reflect the target keywords for each web page, but also grab the attention of readers. When we search for â€Å"design agency new york† this is one of the top results. We can see they’ve done a good job of using semantically related keywords (â€Å"creative agency† rather than â€Å"design†) and have included keywords in both the meta title and description. Leave this field empty if you're human: How to select top search terms Next, we’re going to look at how to find high-value keywords you should try to rank for. The two main types of keywords are broad and long tail. Broad keywords are normally one or two words that apply to a whole industry (e.g. inbound marketing). Long-tail keywords are extended phrases that are more specific to your company (e.g. inbound marketing firm in Springfield). Long-tail keywords usually bring in more relevant traffic and are easier to rank higher for. How to research keywords Keyword research is all about coming up with a variety of phrases that people will use when searching for your business, products, and services. From there, you’re able to build content around these terms. Here are a few tips for researching keywords: Start broad Start with the topics you want to rank for. What products or services do you offer? E.g. â€Å"inbound marketing software.† Solve problems What solutions do you offer your prospects? Create a list based on the problems your audience may ask. E.g. â€Å"How do I build an email list?† Frequently asked questions. Answer potential questions before they are asked. E.g. â€Å"How to generate more leads through social media.† Product based What does your company do? Different people will use different search terms to find your business. What are the alternatives? E.g. â€Å"Internet marketing services.† Buyer journey Think about questions people ask early in the buyer journey Think about questions people ask just before making a purchase Create both top-of-funnel and bottom-of-funnel content Look at search volume You want to balance search volume with intent. While the word â€Å"marketing† might have huge search volume, it won’t generate the most relevant traffic. When you plug these terms into Google, check out the related search terms at the bottom of the results page for further inspiration. At the same time, see if your competitors are ranking for certain keyword phrases. It might be a good idea to focus on the phrases they’re ignoring in order to generate more leads from these search terms. Keyword research tools There are plenty of keyword research tools to help you generate keyword ideas and identify which ones have less competition. Google’s Keyword Planner tool is one of the most popular keyword tools, giving you traffic estimates and search volume for keyword phrases you may want to target. Use it to get suggestions for related phrases and to work out the value of keywords. The competition for every keyword phrase varies, so you need to find those that have a reasonably high search volume but less competition. Choosing the right keywords is an ongoing challenge for every business, but taking the time to do proper research will lead to more success in the long term. There are many free keyword tools. Sign up to Google AdWords and you can use Google’s Keyword Planner. Here, you can get search volume and traffic estimates for words you’re considering. Use it with Google Trends and you can also see which terms are trending over time. Wordtracker and Ubersuggest are also free, but if you want more functionality, paid keyword research tools might be the way to go. But don’t just use these tools – listen to social media conversations around your brand to discover popular phrases and frequently asked questions. It’s all part of keyword research. Selecting the best keywords for SEO is an ongoing process; you’ll need to add more and more keywords to your lists to maintain search engine rankings. Using language that is appropriate to your audience matters, but using synonyms and related terms will also help establish your authority to Google. Keyword research has changed a little, but ultimately the rules are the same: create quality content that is relevant to your audience. As your content spreads, your link profile will grow and so will your credibility in the eyes of Google. Page level keyword optimization To give search engine robots and humans a better understanding of your site, your site architecture also needs to make sense. This means placing keywords in the right place on a web page. Examples of where to place keywords and phrases: Page title tags. Every page should use unique keyword phrases to increase website relevance. Description tags. Think about what information your audience is looking for. In the main body of content. To further enhance the relevance of each page, use a variety of keyword phrases. Since Hummingbird, Google downgrades pages with too many duplicate keywords. Headings. Every heading should clearly explain the content to follow. Image and video alt tags. Include keywords so that search engines know what they represent. If you’re interested in learning more about this topic, then check out our post: The Latest Trends of On-Page Optimization

A Manual for Literature Review Essays

A Manual for Literature Review Essays A Manual for Literature Review Essay A Manual for Literature Review Essay Outline ? What Is Literature Review? ? Why Do Literature Review? ? The Steps of Literature Review ? Tips for Literature Review ? Last but not the least 2010-10-13 Japanese winner of Nobel prize in Chemistry 2 What Is Literature Review? â€Å" a literature review uses as its database reports of primary or original scholarship, and does not report new primary scholarship itself. The primary reports used in the literature may be verbal, but in the vast majority of cases reports are written documents. The types of scholarship may be empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological in nature. Second a literature review seeks to describe, summarize, evaluate, clarify and/or integrate the content of primary reports. † Source: Cooper, H. M. (1988), â€Å"The structure of knowledge synthesis†, Knowledge in Society, Vol. 1, pp. 104-126 In a word, literature review is a critical summary and an assessment of the current state of knowledge or current state of the art in a particular field. 2010-10-13 A Manual of Literature Review 3 Why Do Literature Review? to let researchers and readers know the relationship between your research and former researches, including the strengths and weaknesses of former research Literature review should be done around your research topic. However, it should be noted that literatures you reviewed may be related to your research in other aspects, like research questions, research target, concept framework, and/or method and procedure. Before finishing literature review, it is impossible for you to decide the definition of research uestions and targets. 2010-10-13 A Manual of Literature Review 4 Why Do Literature Review? Several other purposes and benefits by doing literature review ? ? ? to avoid unfounded research and over repetition on the research already done by former researchers to identify gaps in the literature, to find new research frontiers, and to confirm how, where and by what way should your current research be done to increase existing knowledge to provide a train of thought and guidance for following situation: ? how to solve the problems you may face ? ? technologies data sources other research methods you haven’t come into your mind A Manual of Literature Review 5 2010-10-13 The Steps of Literature Review ? Step 1: Define the problem It is important to define the problem or area which you wish to address. Having a purpose for your literature review will narrow the scope of what you need to look for when you read. 2010-10-13 A Manual of Literature Review 6 The Steps of Literature Review ? Step 2: Carry out a search for relevant materials ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ooks (monographs, text books, reference books); articles from journals, whether print or electronic (but make sure electronic journals have been subject to the peer review process); newspaper articles; historical records; commercial reports and statistical information; government reports and statistical information; theses and dissertations; other types of information which may be releva nt to your particular discipline. A Manual of Literature Review 7 2010-10-13 The Steps of Literature Review ? Step 2: Carry out a search for relevant materials In Tokyo Tech, there several ways to search literatures ? Firstly, you can access the website: libra. titech. ac. jp/databases/ to find the related databases. For example, here are some common used databases: CiNii ? EBSCO host Engineering Village SciFinder Web Web of Science Secondly, you can use the Google Scholar to search the literatures you are interested in. Some of these literatures are free, and some of them are free, but you can access them by the location of Tokyo Tech if Tokyo Tech has bought the databases. A Manual of Literature Review 8 2010-10-13 The Steps of Literature Review ? Step 2: Carry out a search for relevant materials In Tokyo Tech, there several ways to search literatures ? Thirdly, you can use Tokyo Tech Library. You can search the database first before you go to library. ? Fourthly, if you find some literature is very helpful but not included in any database in Tokyo Tech, while other universities have it, you can go directly to the university or borrow it from Tokyo Tech Library. Fifthly, there are many books in our lab and Prof. Miyazaki’s office. There should be some books matching your research. Or you can suggest some books or reports to buy. 2010-10-13 A Manual of Literature Review 9 The Steps of Literature Review ? Step 3: Evaluate the literatures This part of information comes from â€Å"www. emeraldinsight. com/authors/guides/write/literature. htm† Initial appraisal from raw bibliographical data ? What are the authors credentials, are they an exper t in the field? Are they affiliated to a reputable organization? What is the date of publication; is it sufficiently current or will knowledge have moved on? ? If a book, is it the latest edition? ? ? Is the publisher a reputable, scholarly publisher? If it is a journal, is it a scholarly journal which has been peer reviewed? 2010-10-13 A Manual of Literature Review 10 The Steps of Literature Review ? Step 3: Evaluate the literatures This part of information comes from â€Å"www. emeraldinsight. com/authors/guides/write/literature. htm† Appraisal based on content analysis: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Is the writer addressing a scholarly audience? Does the author review the relevant literature? Does the author write from an objective viewpoint, and are their views based on facts rather than opinions? If the author uses research, is the design sound? Is it primary or secondary material? Does the author have a particular theoretical viewpoint, e. g. feminist? What is the relationship of this work to other material you have read on the same topic, does it substantiate it or add a different perspective? Is the authors argument logically organized and clear to follow? If the author is writing from a practice-based perspective, what are the implications for practice? A Manual of Literature Review 11 2010-10-13 The Steps of Literature Review ? Step 4: Analyze the findings ? ? ? What themes emerge and what conclusions can be drawn? What are the major similarities and differences between the various writers? Are there any significant questions which emerge and which could form a basis for further investigation? 2010-10-13 A Manual of Literature Review 12 The Steps of Literature Review Step 5: Organize literature review This part of information comes from â€Å"www. emeraldinsight. com/authors/guides/write/literature. htm† ? Introduction: define the topic, together with your reason for selecting the topic. You could also point out overall trends, gaps, particular themes that emerge, etc. Body: this is where you discuss your sources. Here are some ways in which you could organize your discussion: chronologically; thematically (take particular the mes in the literature); methodologically(the focus is on the methods of the researcher) ? ? Conclusion: summarize the major contributions, evaluating the current position, and pointing out flaws in methodology, gaps in the research, contradictions, and areas for further study A Manual of Literature Review 13 2010-10-13 Tips for Literature Review Use Literature, NOT show Literature: Literature review is not reading report; don’t just list what you read. You need to use literature, not show literature! You need to analyze these literatures including your comments. Don’t review many new and great prevalent theories before what have gone after your research! Literatures should be selected! 5C Principles: Comprehensive, Concise, Coherent, Cumulative and Critical. (Flowerdew, R. (1997). Finding previous work on the topic. In R. Flowerdew D. ) Quotations should be correct! Use relative softwares like reference manager JabRef and SciPlore Mindmapping to manage your literatures. 2010-10-13 A Manual of Literature Review 14 Tips for Literature Review Note for Sources You have to make clear information on the sources you are using! Plagiarism is not allowed! 2010-10-13 A Manual of Literature Review 15 Last but not the least This is just a general information on literature review, not represent all related information. What you need to do is â€Å"Do it as this guideline say and accumulate know-how when you do it†. There are many other more information in internet or papers on literature review. If you want to know more, please read more and practice it. One example of literature review: Franco Malerba, 2007. Innovation and the dynamics and evolution of industries: Progress and challenges. International Journal of Industrial Organization 25, 675–699. 2010-10-13 A Manual of Literature Review 16

7 Examples of Incorrect Punctuation with Quotation Marks

7 Examples of Incorrect Punctuation with Quotation Marks 7 Examples of Incorrect Punctuation with Quotation Marks 7 Examples of Incorrect Punctuation with Quotation Marks By Mark Nichol This post points out common errors committed when reporting what has been said or written. Each example is followed by a discussion of the problem and a revision that provides a solution. 1. She pointed out that, â€Å"Speed matters - the faster an organization learns, the faster it evolves.† The quotation, in isolation, is a complete sentence and is properly capitalized. But when dropped into a sentence, as in the example above, it becomes part of the sentence, just as if it were a paraphrase (â€Å"She pointed out that speed matters - the faster an organization learns, the faster it evolves.†) Therefore, a full-sentence quotation integrated into a full sentence like this is demoted and no longer merits capitalization- nor should it be preceded by a comma, because â€Å"she pointed out that† is not an attribution (see the example below pertaining to attribution), because it includes the transitional term that, which is essentially redundant to a comma: â€Å"She pointed out that ‘speed matters - the faster an organization learns, the faster it evolves.’† 2. â€Å"On the outside, he’s a warrior, but on the inside, he’s controlled and focused,† is how one of John Smith’s teammates described him to us. Similarly, when a quotation is integrated into a sentence at the head of a sentence, omit a comma at the end of the quotation unless it is necessary for the sentence’s grammatical structure: â€Å"On the outside, he’s a warrior, but on the inside, he’s controlled and focused† is how one of John Smith’s teammates described him to us. (In the sentence â€Å"She assured us that ‘he is normally very well behaved,’ as if that had anything to do with it,† the comma correctly separates the main clause from the subordinate clause.) 3. Jones screamed â€Å"help me† and â€Å"you’re assaulting me† as the detective forced her into an unmarked car. Quotations that follow an attribution- a phrase that identifies the speaker or writer and explicitly describes the character of the communication with a verb (such as said) and perhaps an adverb (such as â€Å"said sarcastically† or â€Å"said quietly†) or an adverbial phrase (such as â€Å"said as if to a child† or â€Å"said the other day†), are followed by a comma. In addition, when the quotation is a complete sentence, it should be capitalized: â€Å"Jones screamed, ‘Help me!’ as the detective forced her into an unmarked car.† (And, as further edited, an exclamation point should be included when a quotation is described as being delivered with volume or passion, just as a question mark is necessary when asking a question.) If the attribution pertains to more than one quotation, the quotations are treated as a compound phrase (using the generic structure â€Å"[this] and [that]†) and thus an additional comma, after and, is not required: â€Å"Smith screamed, ‘Help me!’ and ‘You’re assaulting me!’ as the detective forced her into an unmarked car.† (Here, unlike in the previous example, punctuation following the quotation is valid because like question marks, exclamation points, which are otherwise interchangeable with commas, provide contextual information that commas do not.) (This post about attribution and quotations is one of many at DailyWritingTips.com that discuss the topics; search the site using the keywords â€Å"attribution† and â€Å"quotations† for more information.) 4. His next comment chilled me, â€Å"We will be watching everything you do.† When what appears to be an attribution is self-contained- structured as a complete thought- the quotation should be set off from the phrase by a colon rather than a comma: â€Å"His next comment chilled me: ‘We will be watching everything you do.’† 5. I heard someone utter the words, â€Å"I’m sorry, but I can’t help you.† When a quotation is preceded by a phrase that provides context but is not a formal attribution, no punctuation should precede it: â€Å"I heard someone utter the words ‘I’m sorry, but I can’t help you.’† (This error implies that those words are the only words; see the next example for more details.) 6. In this issue, we explore the question, â€Å"Are companies curious enough to really understand all aspects of their corporate culture?† The inclusion of a comma here incorrectly implies that a reference has been made in a previous sentence to a specific question, which is explicitly reproduced in this sentence; the resulting implication is that only one question exists, and this is it. But here, â€Å"the question† and the quotation that constitutes the question are appositives- two ways to describe an idea (here, a generic description of a thing- a question- and a specific reproduction of the thing)- and should not be interrupted by punctuation: â€Å"In this issue, we explore the question ‘Are companies curious enough to really understand all aspects of their corporate culture?’ 7. How many times do you want to reheat your leftovers? At some point, you have to say I’m not going to reheat this. You’ve microwaved it six times, and it’s no longer food.† In this passage, â€Å"I’m not going to reheat this† is a conjectural statement the writer is proposing that reader might say at some point. Even though the reader may not actually speak it or write it, the writer should style it as a quotation- and treat you have to say as an attribution: â€Å"How many times do you want to reheat your leftovers? At some point, you have to say, ‘I’m not going to reheat this.’ You’ve microwaved it six times, and it’s no longer food.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a RowHow Many Sentences in a Paragraph?